Self-translation: a faithful rendition or a rewriting process? Haikal’s Autumn of Fury as an example

This study aims to investigate if self-translation is a true interpretation of a Source Text (ST) into a Target Text (TT), or if it is in fact a rewriting process. The study examines Haikal’s self-translation of a book titled ‘Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat’. This self-translation is used as an example due to the modifications and changes made by Haikal, and examines to what extent the translator is faithful to his ST (English version). For the purpose of this study, fifteen examples have been selected from Haikal's version of Autumn of Fury. They are then analysed and compared to their Arabic translations (TT), and the differences are highlighted and discussed. The selected examples include words, phrases, sentences, and sometimes whole paragraphs. The study relies on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a theoretical framework to uncover the hidden ideologies and attitudes behind the modification, manipulation, or rewriting of the ST into Arabic. These examples are analysed from linguistic, political and ideological perspectives. The study finds that Haikal’s self-translation of Autumn of Fury into Arabic was actually a rewriting process rather than a translation process, and that a new book is almost recreated out of the original

The Effect of Utilizing Microbiological Parameters on Water Quality Index Values Implemented at Wadi Al-Arab Dam Reservoir, North-Jordan.

The aims of this study are to investigate the effect of using microbiological parameters, particularly Escherichia coli on water quality index values that has been implemented at Wadi Al-Arab Dam Reservoir (WADR) in Northern Jordan and to evaluate its water suitability for domestic purposes. For these purposes, the study period from January 2009 through December 2014, one sample on a monthly basis was used in the calculation of WQI. Firstly, computed the WQI for the seventy two samples that were analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, ions of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulfate, Bicarbonate, Ammonium, Nitrite and Nitrate in various  seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn). Secondly, performing the previous calculations taking into account the Escherichia coli (species of bacteria) counts. The analyzed results (by WQI method) have been used to depicting water quality for the two approaches. Based on physico-chemical parameters, the calculated values for WQI over the 6-year study period from 2009 to 2014 were 83.4, 80.6, 59.33, 78.0, 89.3, and 85.4, respectively. On the other hand, the WQI values were 41.7, 40.1, 43.5, 44.2, 51.0 and 44.7, respectively, as a result of incorporated microbiological parameters in WQI calculations that significantly contribute to decrease the WQI values over the 6-year study period. The analysis shows that the water quality rank of the (WADR) is varies from good to marginal based on physico-chemical parameters only, and from poor to marginal based on physico-chemical and microbiological parameters. In comparison with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Jordanian Standards (JS 286:2008). The results signify that the (WADR) is not polluted based on the physical and chemical characteristics of water. However, from microbiological perspective the water is not safe for domestic use and needs further treatment. Keywords: reservoir, seasonality, Irbid, Wadi Al-Arab Dam, Water Quality Index, microbiology, Jordan

A fundamental investigation into the microwave assisted leaching of sulphide minerals

Microwave assisted leaching has been investigated in an attempt to improve both the yield of extracted metal and reduce processing time. This is especially pertinent in view of the increased demands for metal and more environmentally friendly processes. This work reports a fundamental study on the influence of microwave energy on the dissolution of sulphide minerals. Chalcopyrite and sphalerite were chosen as model materials due to their economic importance and the diversity of their heating behaviour in a microwave field (chalcopyrite being an excellent microwave heater and sphalerite being an extremely poor microwave receptor). Chalcopyrite leaching has been carried out in ferric sulphate and ferric chloride under both microwave and conventional conditions. Conventionally, it was found that chalcopyrite dissolution in ferric sulphate seems to be limited by surface reaction control. More importantly, it has been shown that specific fracture planes on chalcopyrite particle surfaces experience selective leaching, which was revealed by SEM and ToF-SIMS surface analysis. The preferential attack on particular planes is speculated to be linked to different chemistry of some cleavage planes within the chalcopyrite crystal. In the ferric chloride system, however, it was found that cupric chloride, a reaction product of chalcopyrite with ferric sulphate, may play an important role in the dissolution process. Leaching of both chalcopyrite and sphalerite in ferric sulphate under microwave conditions has shown enhanced recoveries of metal values compared to that produced conventionally. It has been demonstrated that the enhanced copper recovery from chalcopyrite during microwave treatment is as a result of the selective heating of the mineral particles over the solution which was found to be highly lossy. In addition, it is suggested that high loss leaching solutions will develop a superheated layer close to the periphery of the reaction vessel (due to the small penetration depth) which creates localised heating compared to the bulk solution temperature. The enhanced recovery of zinc from sphalerite seems to occur as a result of only the presence of the superheated layer. If leaching takes place within this layer, an apparent rate increase will be noted with respect to the measured bulk temperature. The hypotheses of selective heating (for chalcopyrite) and the effect of penetration depth (for chalcopyrite and sphalerite) were supported by the negligible difference between the activation energy values under microwave and conventional conditions for both chalcopyrite and sphalerite. Furthermore, the measurements of dielectric properties of the leaching solutions have shown that such solutions are highly lossy and characterised by a penetration depth of an order of about 3 mm. Finally, numerical electromagnetic simulations showed that chalcopyrite particles could be heated selectively when micro-waved within highly lossy leaching solutions due to their high conductivity. It is concluded that the dielectric properties of both the solid and liquid phases, the dimensions of the reactor and the position of solid particles within the reactor determine the leaching outcome. More importantly, it is likely that the enhanced recoveries observed are not likely to be as a result of a so called "non-thermal microwave effect" but rather as a result of thermal effects

Thermodynamic analysis on the thermal treatment of spent alkaline batteries-PVC blends under inert conditions

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Spent Alkaline Batteries (SAB) are produced and accumulated in large quantities. The absence of a sustainable recycling route for these wastes amidst a circular economy era makes it important to find a potential coupling route of their waste streams into useful products. Herein, the behaviour of zinc, manganese, and iron were tracked through a thermodynamics calculation of the thermal treatment of PVC mixed with SAB followed with a thermodynamic assessment of the leaching of the pyrolysis residues. thermodynamics calculations suggest that zinc and manganese can be extracted with a percentage of up to 100% if PVC is thermally treated with water washed SAB under pyrolytic conditions at a temperature of 300 °C. The residues from the thermal treatment (rich in zinc and manganese chlorides) should be then water leached (pH = 5 – 6) to recover Zn2+ and Mn2+. Water washing of the SAB should help in suppressing the extraction of both sodium and potassium as they can be omitted from the reaction system when SAB is washed with water. However, the major drawback under the conditions above is that iron will still be extracted with zinc and manganese which can potentially cause complications in the separation at a further stage. Nonetheless, this work lays the foundation for further studies (theoretical and experimental) related to the extraction of zinc and manganese from SAB by means of thermally treating it with waste PVC

Think Aloud Protocol in Translating Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani’s Poetry

This study sets out to investigate the usability of Think Aloud Protocol (TAP) – in translating Sheikh Jassim Al Thani’s poetry into English, which is an example of Nabati poetry. The study was conducted on two groups of MA graduates in translation studies: Qataris and non-Qataris. The approach used in this study is process-oriented, and therefore it illuminates the strategies that translators use to overcome challenges during the translation process. The analysis of the translation of the selected expressions is based on Gerloff’s (1986) model of coding translation strategies. Selecting different translation strategies by each group demonstrates the nature of the encountered challenges. These challenges vary, as some are linguistic, while others are cultural. Finally, the study concluded that the employment of TAP in the process of translation is effective, guide translation specialists and help them to overcome any linguistic or cultural problems

Microwave treatment of electric arc furnace dust with Tetrabromobisphenol A: Dielectric characterization and pyrolysis-leaching

In the present work microwave treatment of electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) mixed with tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) was investigated. A range of characterization techniques were used to understand the thermal behaviour of TBBPA-EAFD mixtures under microwave pyrolysis conditions. Dielectric and thermal properties of EAFD, TBBPA and their mixtures were determined. Both the dielectric constant and loss factor of the mixture were found to vary considerably with temperature and subsequently it was found that the mixtures of these materials absorbed microwaves effectively, especially at temperatures above 170 °C. The high loss tangent of EAFD-TBBPA mixture above 170 °C resulted in fast heating and high temperatures (above 700 °C) resulting in reduction of Fe, Pb and Zn to their metallic form. This resulted in low recoveries of both Zn and Pb when the residue was leached in water. The recovery of Zn varied between 14 and 52 wt,%, while Pb recovery varied between 3 and 31 wt.% depending on microwave treatment efficiency. The low recovery of Zn and Pb could be ascribed by the reduction of metal oxides into their metallic form. More importantly this work has shown great selectivity in the leachability of both zinc and iron; with iron being left in the solid residue

The Degree of Effectiveness of the Educational Decision-Making Process among the Principals of Zarqa Kasbah Schools from the Teachers\u27 Point of View درجة فاعلية عملية اتخاذ القرارات التربوية لدى مديري مدارس تربية قصبة الزرقاء من وجهة نظر المعلمين

Abstract: The study aimed at identifying the degree of effectiveness of the educational decision-making process of the principals of Zarqa Kasbah from the teachers\u27 point of view. It, also, studied the effect of variables on the response of the sample of the study. The study used the descriptive survey methodology. The tool of the study consisted of (14) items, and the validity and reliability of the tool was confirmed. The study was applied on a sample of (375) male and female teachers, who were chosen by a simple random method. The study proved the following results: the degree of effectiveness of educational decision-making process of the principals of Zarqa Kasbah education school from the teachers’ point of view, was medium. The results indicated that there were statistically significant differences at the level (0.05\u3ea) in the mean. Responses of the study sample subjects about the effectiveness of the educational decision-making process of the school principals of Zarqa Kasbah education schools, from the teachers \u27viewpoint. These differences were due to the variables of gender and academic qualification. Moreover, it indicated that there were no statistically significant differences due to the variables of years of experience and specialization. In light of the proved results, the study recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: increasing the participation of teachers in the school decision­ making process, in the way that reflected in the raising the effectiveness of educational decisions. ملخص: هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى درجة فاعلية عملية اتخاذ القرارات التربوية لدى مديري مدارس تربية قصبة الزرقاء من وجهة نظر المعلمين ودراسة أثر المتغيرات في استجابة افراد عينة الدراسة، واستخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي المسحي وتم تطوير أداة دراسة تكونت من (14) فقرة وتم التأكد من صدق الأداة وثباتها. وطبقت الدراسة على عينة بلغت (375) معلماً ومعلمة وتم اختيارهم بالطريقة العشوائية البسيطة وتوصلت الدراسة إلى النتائج الآتية: إن درجة فاعلية عملية اتخاذ القرارات التربوية لدى مديري مدارس تربية قصبة الزرقاء من وجهة نظر المعلمين جاءت متوسطة، بينما دلت النتائج إلى وجود فروق ذات دلالة احصائية عند مستوى (0.05≥α) في متوسط استجابات أفراد عينة الدراسة عن فاعلية عملية اتخاذ القرارات التربوية لدى مديري مدارس تربية قصبة الزرقاء من وجهة نظر المعلمين تعزى لمتغير الجنس والمؤهل العلمي بينما دلت إلى عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة احصائية تعزى لمتغيري سنوات الخبرة والتخصص. وفي ضوء نتائج الدراسة أوصت الدراسة بمجموعة من التوصيات من أهميها: زيادة مشاركة المعلمين في عملية اتخاذ القرارات المدرسية بالشكل الذي ينعكس على زيادة فاعلية القرارات التربوية

The Influence of the Leadership Style on Managerial Creativeness from the Perspective of Employees within Jordanian Industrial Corporations

No one can deny the influence of the leaders and their leadership style on many levels of the organization starting from the performance of the employees, the internal environment and reaching the performance of the organization itself. From that point, the current research study seeks to highlight the degree of influence of the leadership styles on the managerial creativeness among the leaders and what is the most influential leadership style on the managerial creativeness among leaders in the industrial corporations in Jordan. The approach of the study was quantitative in its nature; the researcher distributed a questionnaire on a convenience sample of leaders within the industrial corporations in Jordan. Out of 500 questionnaires, the researcher retrieved 322 questionnaires which was properly filled and can be analyzed through SPSS. The findings of the study revealed that leadership style can influence the level of creativity that leaders and managers have which in its turn can influence the employees themselves. In addition to that, the study reached a results in which the transformational leadership style is the most influential style on the managerial creativeness

Chlorine Fixing Ability of Electric Arc Furnace Dust During the Thermal Degradation of Polyvinyl Chloride under Oxidative Conditions

Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are two hazardous wastes that are accumulated world-wide at an alarming rate. Utilising these two wastes simultaneously towards a sustainable recycling loop can greatly mitigate their environmental impact. Herein, EAFD was studied as a potential emission fixator of evolved gaseous HCl generated from the thermal decomposition of PVC under different operational conditions: EAFD-PVC mass ratio, solid reactants geometry, O2 partial pressure, holding temperature, holding time and heating rate. The highest chlorine fixation percentage was calculated to be 78.9% and was obtained at an EAFD-PVC mass ratio of 1:1 (thin disks geometry), while the rest escaped in the form of HCl/Cl2. No significant variation was observed on the percentage of fixed chlorine when the thermal treatment was performed using different geometries: long cylinder, thin disks, and powder forms with a maximum difference in fixation of only 5.6% between extremities. Increasing O2 partial pressure positively affected the chlorine fixation percentage increasing it from 39.9 to 48.4% at 0 and 21 kPa partial pressures, respectively. Increasing both the holding temperature and holding time under oxidative conditions negatively affected the percentage of fixed chlorine due to oxidation of formed FeCl2 back to Fe2O3. The heating rate did not show any significant effect on the amount of fixed HCl, suggesting that the speed of chlorination reactions can be identical to or faster than the decomposition rate of PVC. Overall, EAFD is believed to be an excellent candidate for capturing HCl contained in PVC upon thermal degradation

Thermal analysis on the pyrolysis of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and Electric Arc Furnace Dust mixtures

The pyrolysis of Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) mixed with Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD) was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and theoretically analysed using thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Mixtures of both materials with varying TBBPA loads (1:1, and 1:3) were prepared and pyrolyzed in a nitrogen atmosphere under dynamic heating conditions at heating rates of 5 and 10 ⁰C/min. The mixtures degraded through several steps including decomposition of TBBPA yielding mainly HBr, bromination of metal oxides, followed by their evaporation in the sequence of CuBr3, ZnBr2, PbBr2, FeBr2, MnBr2, KBr, NaBr, CaBr2 and MgBr2, and finally reduction of the remaining metal oxides by the char formed from decomposition of TBBPA. Thermodynamic calculations suggest the possibility of selective bromination of zinc and lead followed by their evaporation leaving iron in its oxide form, while the char formed may serve as a reduction agent for iron oxides into metallic iron. However, at higher TBBPA volumes, iron bromide forms, which can be also evaporated at a temperature higher than those of ZnBr2 and PbBr2. Results from this work provide practical insight into selective recovery of valuable metals from EAFD while at the same time recycling the hazardous bromine content in TBBPA