Prophetic Eloquence After the Revelation of the Quranic verses

Ancient and modern Muslims unanimously agree that Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, was the most eloquent of the Arabs. The clearest in articulation, the most virtuous in speech, the most rhetorical in dialect, and the most upright in debate to the extent that he knew all Arabs' dialects as he spoke to each tribe by its dialects. But the question is, from where did he acquire all this eloquence? And was his unique eloquence before or after the Qur'an revelation? Scholars have contradicted the origin of his eloquence and its basis in divisions. First, they attributed it to his origin and lineage from Quraish claiming that Quraish is the most eloquent of the Arabs. Second, they attributed it to his growing up in Bani Sa'd as they are the most eloquent Arabs as well. Third, they linked it to his origins from Quraish and growing up in Bani Sa'd, and thus Prophet Mohammed. Therefore, he combined the abundance of the words of the desert and the splendor of the present speech. Fourth, some of them timidly claimed that his eloquence, lineage, and growing up were divinely inspired without explaining that it was before or after the revelation of the Qur'an. In the fifth division, which they did not mention, and which I have clarified, highlighted, and preferred: His high eloquence was exclusively after Islam with divine inspiration and support, to match his eloquence with the eloquence of the Qur'an, or close to it. In this regard, Allah distinguished him from all the Arabs by having a clear Arabic tongue, so he gave him the gist of the words, shortened the speech for him, and gave him the Qur'an and the same of it with him. Thus, his eloquence would be a sign and a miracle that would silence the Arabs, who were distinguished by the virtue of language, eloquence, and the art of speech, such as poetry and rhetoric, and they were submissive to their owners. Before the prophethood and the revelation of the Qur'an, he was neither the most eloquent of the Arabs nor the most eloquent of the Quraish. Rather, he was not distinguished in his eloquence from his peers, especially from the Quraishites who grew up like him in the Bani Sa'd, but his normal, natural eloquence before the revelation of the Qur'an was the evidence of his prophethood and the inimitability of the Qur'an. As he was unable to read or write and did not know poetry so that disbelievers would not be suspicious, he was also not different from his peers in his eloquence so that the disbelievers would not be suspicious, and then they claim that he was distinguished in the arts of speech, so he brought a new system and attributed it to Allah. One of the prerequisites for prophecy, communication, explanation, and understanding of the Noble Qur'an was that he be the most eloquent of the Arabs, and the most knowledgeable of them with God's revealed words in the official literary language of the Arabs. Also, it is not correct for the Arabs to be more eloquent or more understanding than him in the language of the Qur'an and in the words of the Arabs. Without the prophecy, he would not have been the most eloquent of Arabs; because he spent forty years before that he was not distinguished from his peers by his rare eloquence, nor has his people prevailed in his eloquence, so how can he prevail with this natural eloquence of all Arabs? In addition to explaining the secrets of his eloquence and its causes, we have reached new conclusions in explaining the sayings of the scholars and their differences with evidence, rationale, and transmission arguments, which are significant additions to his biography and distinguished eloquence. Keywords: Prophetic, eloquence, eloquent of the Arabs, Qurais

Houses of Worship in Fallujah in the Ottoman and Royal Eras

This research tackles in detail the houses of Islamic worship and others in Fallujah since its contemporary creation following the construction of the wooden Ottoman bridge in 1885. An Ottoman Firman was issued in 1899-1900 to make the village of Fallujah a town and the administrative center of the surrounding area, a position it retained until the end of the monarchy in 1958. The study sheds new light on the ways in which houses of worship convey a vivid picture of the faith, doctrinal beliefs, and religiosity of the town’s citizens. These houses of worship also offer insights into the conduct and daily activities of the citizens as they seek to achieve prosperity while adhering to the teachings and guidance of their Creator and Prophet. With the will and divine patronage, the contemporary town of Fallujah has been closely associated with its first mosque, founded in 1898 by Kazem Pasha (may Allah have mercy on him). The mosque highlights the dedication of the early Fallujah people to their religion, the first building project they undertook when Fallujah was made a town. The establishment of a mosque displays their devotion to the work of their Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family) when he entered the town of Yathrib as an immigrant. The mosque was designed to be the religious and moral centre of the town, and reflecting the fact that the life, pride, renaissance and education of its people start from the mosque. This blessed work conveys a divine blessing upon the modern contemporary town, making it famous within a short time of its founding as if it is a heavenly message to those who raise the remembrance of God, in reward may Allah raise his remembrance. Because of the great expansion of the town, other houses of worship were established, including temple (the synagogue) which the people of Fallujah call (the Torah) in 1915, to be the second house of worship. This construction signals the importance of the Jews in Fallujah as well as highlighting the lack of religions or sectarian intolerance amongst the early people of Fallujah who did not oppose the construction of a house of worship for a second, minority religion. This also shows that they lived in affection, compassion, peace and respect for all religions and nationalities. This study also displays the wonderful and diverse Fallujian fabric at the beginning of the formation of their contemporary town, a diverse societal mosaic, as if it were a miniature Iraq. This religious diversity and tolerance was an important feature of Fallujah during its formative years as it grew rapidly. As the population expanded, additional mosques were needed to accommodate all the worshipers. The Shaker al-Dahi Mosque which was constructed in 1948, followed by the Al-Siddiq Mosque in 1950, and then the Al- Farouq Mosque in 1953. In addition, there were a number of small mosques scattered around the town, such as the Mulla Wahib Mosque, founded in 1936 and later called the Mosque of Saadoun, and the Mulla Ahmed Sarhan Abdali Mosque which was founded on the ruins of the Siddiq Mosque. Each house of worship gives us unique glimpses of the history of the emergence of the neighborhood in which it was founded. The growing number of mosques from 1948 onwards undersxcores the dramatic and rapid expansion of Fallujah during the first 50 years following its inception. The population doubled, and started competing in the construction and reconstruction of mosques until the town came to be called ‘the town of mosques’ and ‘the town of the gloried people’. Keywords: The history of Fallujah, The Waqf Mosque, The Great Mosque, The Torah (The Synagogue), Al-Saadoun Mosque, Shaker Al- Dahi Mosque, Al- Sidiq Mosque , Abu Baker , Al-Faruq Mosque, Omar Bin Al-Khattab

Use of the Quranic Texts in the Footnotes Authors of Sibawayh's Kitab

This study deals with the use of Qur'anic Arabic grammar by the authors of the Hawashi Sibawayh book. The Qur'anic concepts of grammar are the basis for the origin of the Arabic language and play a pivotal role in verifying and documenting it. The Holy Quran is the closest linguistic text in the Arabic language, hence, the main reason for the emergence of grammatical studies. It is feared by Muslim scholars that the wrong pronunciation of Qur'anic verses can lead to a critical misinterpretation of Qur'anic concepts and change the judgments derived from them. Therefore, scholars have now turned to studying the language, narrating the poems, and classifying the linguistic material in the Holy Qur'an and adjusting its texts and correcting its readings. In this study, we try to highlight the use of the Qur'anic grammar by the first scholars and indicate their interest in employing it. It was found that the authors of the Hawashi Sibawayh employ a large number of Qur'anic verses to prove the grammatical rules and sometimes cite poetic evidence and then document it. They have adopted the division of the Sibawayh, so they do not deviate from its classifications, however, some authors of the book disagree with Sibawayh in the permissibility of kindness in conjunction with two factors, and employed the Qur'anic evidence to show the frequent omission of the verb of saying in the Holy Qur'an. The study also proves that Abu Bakr al-Sarraj authorized the distinction to be one or plural, as the distinctive was not a number. Abu Ali al-Farsi employed Qur'anic evidence to prove the validity of Sibawayh's argument that (or), be in the sense of (and). This research is an important study as it highlights the use of Qur'anic grammatical evidence in the books of leading Arabic scholars. Keywords: recruitment, evidence, grammar, Qur'an, languag

The Effect of the Qur'anic Evidence in Favoring Different Issues in it Between the Factors of Al-Jurjani and Al-Barkawi

The best of what he wrote on the factors, Mukhtasar Al-Jarjani (d. 471 AH) and Mukhtasar Al-Barkawi (d. 881 AH), although the second author wrote his book "To rectify the first after nearly four centuries" Al-Jurjani's book still takes precedence, preferring his issues over the second, which he came to rectify, according to the researchers' opinion, as it became clear to us in the issues we discussed. Prepositions, as it is not well-known among prepositions, and prepositions are strange, as mentioned by Al-Ashmouni, and by the consensus of grammarians, the preposition does not work with the apparent noun, and its common use comes with the apparent noun and the separate pronoun. How does it work with the relative pronoun? The name of the condition (if) is not the factor of assertiveness, but it is a compound of (if) and (what), so the tool becomes (if), but the assertion does not work; because of Jazm tools, Jazm worked; to include the meaning of (if) the conditional in terms of meaning, it indicates doubt about the occurrence of a thing or possibility, or the impossible, unlike (if), which indicates certainty or preponderance. And (if) is the same tool (if) and is attached to it (what), then it is not working, just as it is not mentioned in a Qur'anic text that it is working. What also differed in it was the ratio of factors to listening and measurement, in factors that Al-Jurjani counted as aural, which Al-Barkawi counted as standard. Because if the factors are limited in number, then it is more appropriate for them to be auditory for the standard condition to be continuous and to be made under total control, or for a universal rule that applies to all its members, and this condition is not fulfilled in what was limited to a number. Keywords: grammatical factors, Al-Jurjani and Al-Barkawi factors, balancing stud factors, Al Jurjani's factors, Al-Barkawy's factor

Phytochemical Composition and Antimicrobial Properties of Four Plants Indicated for Traditional Medicine Use

The rapid development of seriously drug-resistant pathogen strains has created a dangerous problem to public health. The discovery of new effective antimicrobials remains an urgent task to control microbial resistance. Natural products can offer special stereochemistry and unlimited diversity of natural leads which are biologically active or ready for development and structure optimization strategies. Four medicinal plants Cylicodiscus gabunensis (CG), Pogostemon cablin (PC), Perilla frutescens (PF) and Magnolia biondii (MB) were selected for investigation of their phytochemical composition and antiplasmodial and/or antibacterial properties. A bioassay guided fractionation method has been followed to characterize the antiplasmodial and antibacterial constituents of CG. Flash column chromatography and preparative HPLC were used to obtain the bioactive compounds. GC-MS, LC-MS, and NMR have been used for chemical analysis purposes. For evaluation of the antibacterial activity, disk diffusion assay, alamar blue microplate assay, time kill kinetic and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods have been used. The work led to the isolation of the most potent antiplasmodial fraction of CG with IC50 of 4.

The potential of Ascophyllum nodosum to accelerate green waste composting

Millions of tonnes of green waste are produced annually in the UK. Composting usually extends to more than two months as well as producing greenhouse gases that can affect the environment if not optimised. We proposed a potential approach to use the algal extract from Ascophyllum nodosum as a compost accelerator. Seaweed-based treatments offer an economical and effective biological solution that activates and stabilises organic matter decomposition, promoting better carbon sequestration. Reducing both the cost and time associated with widely used composting approaches. The seaweed was collected from the Scottish coastline, extracted, and formulated to enhance application. Its effects on the timeline of the composting process were systematically investigated through physical, biological, and observational quantification. The emission of gases, the pH, temperature, humidity, consistency, and microbial growth of the compost were studied. Interestingly, the results showed that the compost reached a stable state within six weeks, with lower ammonia and carbon dioxide production. The use of this formulation can minimise expense, reduce resources used, and also lower the levels of harmful volatile organics. This approach is economically beneficial and environmentally crucial in compost formation, controlling contamination, and carbon sequestration optimisation

The brown seaweeds of Scotland, their importance and applications

More than 50% of the UK coastline is situated in Scotland under legislative jurisdiction; therefore, there is a great opportunity for regionally focused economic development by the rational use of sustainable marine bio-sources. We review the importance of seaweeds in general, and more specifically, wrack brown seaweeds which are washed from the sea and accumulated in the wrack zone and their economic impact. Rules and regulations governing the harvesting of seaweed, potential sites for harvesting, along with the status of industrial application are discussed. We describe extraction and separation methods of natural products from these seaweeds along with their phytochemical profiles. Many potential applications for these derivatives exist in agriculture, energy, nutrition, biomaterials, waste treatment (composting), pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other applications. The chemical diversity of the natural compounds present in these seaweeds is an opportunity to further investigate a range of chemical scaffolds, evaluate their biological activities, and develop them for better pharmaceutical or biotechnological applications. The key message is the significant opportunity for the development of high value products from a seaweed processing industry in Scotland, based on a sustainable resource, and locally regulated

Thermal conductivity, microstructure and hardened characteristics of foamed concrete composite reinforced with raffia fiber

Researchers have become enthralled with using natural fiber, which is a waste product from industrial processes, as an additive in cement-based materials. This is due to the fact that natural fiber is inexpensive, has principal carbon neutrality, and is obtainable in large quantities. Additionally, this fiber is made from a renewable resource. Hence it has a low density and is amenable to undergoing chemical alteration. The idea of this investigation is to discover the reactivity of raffia (raphia vinifera) fiber (RF) in low-density foamed concrete (FC). FC density of 950 kg/m3 was utilized. Workability, density, thermal conductivity, SEM analysis, compressive, bending, and tensile strengths were the parameters that were quantified and assessed. Based on the outcomes, it has been determined that the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of FC-RF composites may be enhanced by using RF with an ideal reinforcing fraction content of 6%. Slump flow gradually decreased from 2%to8%RFfraction content. The lowest slump flow was achieved by adding RF to the FC mixture at a fraction content of 8%. The density of FC-RF composites shows a developing tendency, likely because of the RF's comparatively high specific gravity and increasing fraction content. The addition of RF to FC considerably enhances the material's compressive, bending, and tensile strength. The optimal strength characteristics emerged when 6% RF was added to FC. Besides, the FC thermal conductivity improves as the weight percent of RF increases because the porous structure of FC with RF allows it to absorb heat