Testing of Level Shifters in Multiple Voltage Designs

The use of multiple voltages for different cores is becoming a widely accepted technique for efficient power management. Level shifters are used as interfaces between voltage domains. Through extensive transistor level simulations of resistive open, bridging and resistive short faults, we have classified the testing of level shifters into PASSIVE and ACTIVE modes. We examine if high test coverage can be achieved in the PASSIVE mode. We consider resistive opens and shorts and show that, for testing purposes, consideration of purely digital fault effects is sufficient. Thus conventional digital DfT can be employed to test level shifters. In all cases, we conclude that using sets of single supply voltages for testing is sufficient

Linear and Nonlinear Chiroptical Effects

Chiroptical effects of linear and nonlinear nature are investigated by employing a variety of spectroscopic methods, such as linear and nonlinear circular dichroism, optical rotation, vibrational Raman scattering, infrared absorption and Vibrational Circular Dichroism. (2+1) Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Circular Dichroism (REMPICD) is a direct demonstration of the nonlinear chiroptical effects of a sample of R-(+)-3-methylcyclopentanone. Solvent effects on circular dichroism is studied for 35 common solvents, which is significantly attributed to the solute- solvent electrostatic and Van der waals interactions for CD and ORD of R3MCP. Hartree-Fock and Density Function Theoretical calculations of R3MCP CD and ORD in solvation are also employed to support the experimental findings. Enantiomers (R, S) of chiral molecules are known to exhibit optical activity effects which are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign. For some carbonyl molecules (possessing the C=O) the equatorial and axial conformers also exhibit CD and ORD of opposite sign but not necessarily the same absolute magnitude. Studies of the temperature variation of the CD and Raman spectra are shown to be a useful technique to study the conformer’s populations and energy difference. IR absorption and Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD) of carvone, and limonene, are also studied as an example of molecules having different conformers. IR and VCD Density Function theory (DFT) calculations of the vibrational levels are compared with experimental results in order to establish the dominate (lowest energy) conformer

Combined scheduling of hard and soft real-time tasks in multiprocessor systems

Many complex real-time systems are composed of both hard and soft real-time tasks. Combined scheduling of hard and soft tasks in such systems should satisfy two important goals: (1) maximize the schedulability of soft real-time tasks with no or little impact on the schedulability of hard real-time tasks; (2) minimize the scheduling overhead. In this thesis, we develop two sets of algorithms for the problem, of which the first set allows sacrificing the schedulability of hard tasks and the second set does not. The first set of algorithms is based on a new concept, called task association , by which each soft task is associated with a hard task, whenever possible, in order to minimize the scheduling overhead. The second set has two algorithms, namely, background scheduling and emergency based scheduling. The background scheduling schedules soft tasks in the holes that are present in the schedule considering only the hard tasks. The emergency based scheduling always maintains two schedules (primary schedule and emergency schedule) and switches back and forth between them during the schedule construction process depending on the schedulability of a given hard task. To evaluate the schedulability of the proposed algorithms, extensive simulation studies were conducted and the results show that the proposed algorithms are superior to existing algorithms, in addition to some of them incurring lesser scheduling overhead

Programming problems on time scales: Theory and computation

In this dissertation, novel formulations for several classes of programming problems are derived and proved using the time scales technique. The new formulations unify the discrete and continuous programming models and extend them to other cases in between. Moreover, the new formulations yield the exact optimal solution for the programming problems on arbitrary isolated time scales, which solve an important open problem. Throughout this dissertation, six distinct classes of programming problems are presented as follows. First, the primal as well as the dual time scales linear programming models on arbitrary time scales are formulated. Second, separated linear programming primal and dual models have been established using the time scales approach. Third, state-constraints separated linear programming primal and dual models on time scales are considered. Fourth, linear fractional primal and dual models have been constructed on time scales. Fifth, quadratic programming problems are formulated using the time scales technique. Sixth, quadratic fractional programming problems have been constructed using a hybrid of the parametric approach and the time scales technique. In addition, for each class of these programming problems the weak duality theorem and the optimality conditions theorem are established for arbitrary time scales, while the strong duality theorem is given for isolated time scales to ensure that our formulation is indeed a perfect formulation. Furthermore, examples for the most well-known isolated time scales are given to illustrate the main results --Abstract, page iv

Molecular Techniques Used In the Detection of Fungi

تم تطوير علم الأحياء المجهرية  بواسطة التقنيات البيولوجية الجزيئية لتوصيف وتحديد الانماط الوراثية لتلك  الكائنات المجهرية، والتي تُستخدم حاليًا بشكل روتيني في تشخيص العينات. مهدت طريقة تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل (PCR) الطريق من خلال الاكتشاف السريع للكائنات الحية الدقيقة التي كان من المستحيل اكتشافها سابقًا أو يصعب اكتشافها باستخدام الأساليب الميكروبيولوجية الكلاسيكية . إلى جانب اكتشاف الكائنات الحية المجهرية ، يمكن حاليًا اكتشاف مسببات الأمراض ذات الصلة بالصحة الانسان بسرعة أكبر باستخدام التقنيات الجزيئية. تطورت الأساليب الجزيئية حاليًا إلى ما هو أبعد من التحديد للكشف عن جينات مقاومة مضادات الفطريات بالإضافة إلى توفير معلومات مهم  مثل التنميط الجيني لتوصيف سلالات مرضية مختلفة  , كما ان تكاليف الطرق الجزيئية اخذت بالانخفاض  بسبب إدخال تفاعل البلمرة  المتسلسل وسيستمر دور التقنيات الجزيئية في التطور بشكل مستمرمن اجل الوصول الى مراحل متقدمة  في وراثة الاحياء المجهرية .Diagnostic microbiology has been transformed by molecular biological technologies for the characterization and identification of microorganisms, which are currently routinely used in specimen processing. The methods of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) have paved the path for this new era through enabling for the quick detection of microorganisms which have been formerly impossible or difficult to detect using standard microbiological methods. Along with detecting fastidious microorganisms, pathogens of public health relevance may currently be detected more quickly using molecular techniques. Molecular approaches have presently evolved beyond identification for detecting antifungal resistance genes as well as providing public health information like genotyping strain characterization. The costs of molecular methods are reducing due to the introduction of multiplex PCR, real-time PCR, and advances in efficiency via automation, and the role of the molecular techniques will continue to grow

Dynamic Voltage Scaling Aware Delay Fault Testing

The application of Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) to reduce energy consumption may have a detrimental impact on the quality of manufacturing tests employed to detect permanent faults. This paper analyses the influence of different voltage/frequency settings on fault detection within a DVS application. In particular, the effect of supply voltage on different types of delay faults is considered. This paper presents a study of these problems with simulation results. We have demonstrated that the test application time increases as we reduce the test voltage. We have also shown that for newer technologies we do not have to go to very low voltage levels for delay fault testing. We conclude that it is necessary to test at more than one operating voltage and that the lowest operating voltage does not necessarily give the best fault cover