Age-related impairment of declarative memory: linking memorization of temporal associations to GluN2B redistribution in dorsal CA1

GluN2B subunits of NMDA receptors have been proposed as a target for treating age‐related memory decline. They are indeed considered as crucial for hippocampal synaptic plasticity and hippocampus‐dependent memory formation, which are both altered in aging. Because a synaptic enrichment in GluN2B is associated with hippocampal LTP in vitro, a similar mechanism is expected to occur during memory formation. We show instead that a reduction of GluN2B synaptic localization induced by a single‐session learning in dorsal CA1 apical dendrites is predictive of efficient memorization of a temporal association. Furthermore, synaptic accumulation of GluN2B, rather than insufficient synaptic localization of these subunits, is causally involved in the age‐related impairment of memory. These challenging data identify extra‐synaptic redistribution of GluN2B‐containing NMDAR induced by learning as a molecular signature of memory formation and indicate that modulating GluN2B synaptic localization might represent a useful therapeutic strategy in cognitive aging

Differential effects of estradiol on mnemonic function depending on age and type memory

L’œstradiol (E2) représente une cible thérapeutique potentielle contre le déclin de la mémoire associé au vieillissement. En effet, l’E2 favorise des mécanismes de plasticité synaptique, altérés par le vieillissement, censés sous-tendre la rétention mnésique. Cependant, la littérature révèle un tableau plus complexe, qui invite à reconsidérer les relations entre E2 et mémoire. Dans ce contexte, le but de cette thèse était d’améliorer notre compréhension des effets mnésiques d’une supplémentation chronique en E2 chez la souris mâle, jeune et âgée. Chez les animaux âgés, l’E2 réduit les déficits de la mémoire à long-terme dite « déclarative » en améliorant la capacité à relier des évènements séparés dans le temps en améliorant le fonctionnement du CA1 de l’hippocampe. En revanche, cette supplémentation reste sans effet sur le déficit observé dans une tâche de mémoire à court-terme sollicitant la gestion des interférences.Chez les animaux jeunes, l’E2 peut avoir des effets délétères sur la fonction mnésique normale. En effet, un prolongement de la rétention mnésique s’avère paradoxalement dommageable sur la mémoire à court-terme en aggravant les effets d’interférence. Cet effet s’accompagne d’une altération fonctionnelle centrée sur le gyrus denté hippocampique.Nos résultats comportementaux montrent que l’E2 prolonge la rétention mnésique mais que selon l’âge du sujet et la forme de mémoire mise en jeu par la tâche, cet effet « promnésiant » ne se traduit pas forcément par une amélioration de la performance.Ce travail invite aussi à considérer davantage les conséquences d’une exposition croissante aux composés œstrogénique de l’environnement sur la santé publique.Estradiol (E2) is a potential therapeutic target against age-related memory decline. Indeed, E2 promotes synaptic plasticity processes impaired in aging and thought to underlie mnemonic retention. However, the literature reveals a much more complex picture, leading to reconsider the relationships between E2 and memory. The aim of my PhD work was to improve our understanding of the mnemonic effects of a chronic supplementation of E2 in young and aged male mice. In aged animals, E2 supplementation reduces hippocampal-dependent memory deficits called declarative memory, by improving the capacity to link temporally distant event which depends on CA1 functionality. However, the supplementation had no effect on the severe deficits of short-term/working memory which solicits not only retention but also the organization of learned information and forgetting to avoid interference. In young animals, E2 can induce deleterious effects on regular mnemonic function. Indeed, the prolongation of mnemonic retention can paradoxically imapir working memory by aggravating interference effects. This effect was associated with a functional alteration centered on dentate gyrus. Our behavioral results show that E2 prolongs mnemonic retention but, in accordance with our hypotheses, but depending on the age of the subject and the type of memory involved in the task, this promnesic effect does not necessarily induce an improved performance.Our work confirms the therapeutic interest of E2 in the context of mnemonic aging and allows pinpointing its limits. This work also invites to carefully consider the consequences of a growing exposition to environmental estrogenic compounds on public health

Differential effects of estradiol on mnemonic function depending on age and type memory

L’œstradiol (E2) représente une cible thérapeutique potentielle contre le déclin de la mémoire associé au vieillissement. En effet, l’E2 favorise des mécanismes de plasticité synaptique, altérés par le vieillissement, censés sous-tendre la rétention mnésique. Cependant, la littérature révèle un tableau plus complexe, qui invite à reconsidérer les relations entre E2 et mémoire. Dans ce contexte, le but de cette thèse était d’améliorer notre compréhension des effets mnésiques d’une supplémentation chronique en E2 chez la souris mâle, jeune et âgée. Chez les animaux âgés, l’E2 réduit les déficits de la mémoire à long-terme dite « déclarative » en améliorant la capacité à relier des évènements séparés dans le temps en améliorant le fonctionnement du CA1 de l’hippocampe. En revanche, cette supplémentation reste sans effet sur le déficit observé dans une tâche de mémoire à court-terme sollicitant la gestion des interférences.Chez les animaux jeunes, l’E2 peut avoir des effets délétères sur la fonction mnésique normale. En effet, un prolongement de la rétention mnésique s’avère paradoxalement dommageable sur la mémoire à court-terme en aggravant les effets d’interférence. Cet effet s’accompagne d’une altération fonctionnelle centrée sur le gyrus denté hippocampique.Nos résultats comportementaux montrent que l’E2 prolonge la rétention mnésique mais que selon l’âge du sujet et la forme de mémoire mise en jeu par la tâche, cet effet « promnésiant » ne se traduit pas forcément par une amélioration de la performance.Ce travail invite aussi à considérer davantage les conséquences d’une exposition croissante aux composés œstrogénique de l’environnement sur la santé publique.Estradiol (E2) is a potential therapeutic target against age-related memory decline. Indeed, E2 promotes synaptic plasticity processes impaired in aging and thought to underlie mnemonic retention. However, the literature reveals a much more complex picture, leading to reconsider the relationships between E2 and memory. The aim of my PhD work was to improve our understanding of the mnemonic effects of a chronic supplementation of E2 in young and aged male mice. In aged animals, E2 supplementation reduces hippocampal-dependent memory deficits called declarative memory, by improving the capacity to link temporally distant event which depends on CA1 functionality. However, the supplementation had no effect on the severe deficits of short-term/working memory which solicits not only retention but also the organization of learned information and forgetting to avoid interference. In young animals, E2 can induce deleterious effects on regular mnemonic function. Indeed, the prolongation of mnemonic retention can paradoxically imapir working memory by aggravating interference effects. This effect was associated with a functional alteration centered on dentate gyrus. Our behavioral results show that E2 prolongs mnemonic retention but, in accordance with our hypotheses, but depending on the age of the subject and the type of memory involved in the task, this promnesic effect does not necessarily induce an improved performance.Our work confirms the therapeutic interest of E2 in the context of mnemonic aging and allows pinpointing its limits. This work also invites to carefully consider the consequences of a growing exposition to environmental estrogenic compounds on public health

Preventing and treating PTSD-like memory by trauma contextualization

International audiencePost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by emotional hypermnesia on which preclinical studies focus so far. While this hypermnesia relates to salient traumatic cues, partial amnesia for the traumatic context can also be observed. Here, we show in mice that contextual amnesia is causally involved in PTSD-like memory formation, and that treating the amnesia by re-exposure to all trauma-related cues cures PTSD-like hypermnesia. These findings open a therapeutic perspective based on trauma contextualization and the underlying hippocampal mechanisms

Derivatization-free LC-MS/MS method for estrogen quantification in mouse brain highlights a local metabolic regulation after oral versus subcutaneous administration

17 beta-Estradiol (17 beta-E-2) is a steroid with pleiotropic actions. In addition to being a sexual hormone, it is also produced in the brain where it modulates the reproductive axis. It has been shown that 17 beta-E-2 also acts on synaptic plasticity and plays a role in neurological pathways and in neurodegenerative diseases. Assaying this steroid in the brain is thus interesting to improve our knowledge of 17 beta-E-2 effects in the brain. However, 17 beta-E-2 concentration in the central nervous system has been reported to be of a few nanograms per gram wet weight (nanomolar range concentration); therefore, its quantification requires both an efficient extraction process and a sensitive detection method. Herein is presented a derivatization-free procedure based on solid-phase extraction followed by LC-MS/MS analysis, targeted on 17 beta-E-2, its isomer17 alpha-E-2, and its metabolites estrone (E-1) and estriol (E-3). This extraction process allowed reaching 96% 17 beta-E-2 recovery from the mouse brain. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values of 0.5 and 2.5 pmol mL(-1), respectively, were reached for both 17 alpha-E-2 and 17 beta-E-2. LOD values for E-1 and E-3 were 0.01 and 0.025 pmol mL(-1), respectively. The variation coefficients for intra- and inter-assays were 6 and 14%, respectively, for both estradiol forms. The method was applied to assess estrogen levels in the mouse brain and hippocampus after 17 beta-E-2 acute (subcutaneous injection) and chronic (drinking water) physiological administration. Total estrogen levels were determined after enzymatic deconjugation and compared to free estrogen levels. While 17 alpha-E-2 was not detected in biological samples, 17 beta-E-2 and metabolite measurements highlight a local biotransformation of estrogens after physiological administration via drinking water

Vangl2 in the Dentate Network Modulates Pattern Separation and Pattern Completion

International audienceThe organization of spatial information, including pattern completion and pattern separation processes, relies on the hippocampal circuits, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these two processes are elusive. Here, we find that loss of Vangl2, a core PCP gene, results in opposite effects on pattern completion and pattern separation processes. Mechanistically, we show that Vangl2loss maintains young postmitotic granule cells in an immature state, providing increased cellular input for pattern separation. The genetic ablation of Vangl2disrupts granule cell morpho-functional maturation and further prevents CaMKII and GluA1 phosphorylation, disrupting the stabilization of AMPA receptors. As a functional consequence, LTP at lateral perforant path-GC synapses is impaired, leading to defects in pattern completion behavior. In conclusion, we show that Vangl2 exerts a bimodal regulation on young and mature GCs, and its disruption leads to an imbalance in hippocampus-dependent pattern completion and separation processes