A bilateral and symmetrical variation of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle.

We observed a bilateral and symmetrical variation of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle during the dissection of a 35-year-old female cadaver. The accessory muscle bundles were arranged in a cross. These bundles were found superficial to the mylohyoid muscle and deep in the platysma. Such a variation from perfect symmetry has not been previously reported. To avoid misinterpretation of radiological tests, it is important to be aware of bilateral and symmetrical variations of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle when examining the floor of the mouth and the submental region.</p

Development of Self-Efficacy Scale of Differentiated Instruction

DergiPark: 466734trakyasobedTürkiye’de Milli Eğitim Bakanlığının inisiyatifi ilekapsayıcı eğitime doğru bir trend başlatılmaktadır. Öğretmenlerden yakıngelecekte heterojen ortamlarda eğitim alan öğrencilerin ihtiyaçlarınıkarşılamak için öğretim yaklaşımlarını değiştirmeleri söz konusu olabilecektir.Bu çalışmanın temel amacı öğretmen adaylarının farklılaştırılmış öğretimeyönelik öz yeterliklerini ölçmek için Farklılaştırılmış Öğretim Öz-yeterlikÖlçeği geliştirilmesidir. Çalışmaya 361 son sınıf öğrencisi öğretmen adayıkatılmıştır. Ölçek şu beş aşamada geliştirilmiştir: Maddelerin geliştirilmesi,görünüş ve kapsam geçerliliğinin sağlanması, pilot uygulamanın yapılması,uygulamanın yapılması, yapı geçerliği ve güvenirliğinin hesaplanması. Sonuçlarölçeğin oluşturulmuş olan madde havuzuna uygun olarak üç faktörden oluştuğunugöstermiştir. Bunlar, planlama, uygulama ve değerlendirmedir. Ölçek gelecekçalışmalarda öğretmen adaylarının farklılaştırılmış öğretim ile ilgili yeterlikleriniincelemek amacıyla kullanılabilir. In Turkey, a trend isbeginning to start towards inclusive practices by the initiatives of theMinistry of Education. Teachers are beginning to be placed in a position toadapt their instructions to meet the needs of their students in heterogonoussettings. The main purpose of the present study was to develop a Self-EfficacyScale of Differentiated Instruction, which assesses self-efficacy of studentteachers with regards to differentiated instruction. A total of 361 seniorstudent teachers who are at the final days at the university participated in thestudy. The scale was developed through five stages, namely; development ofscale items, ensuring content validity, piloting, implementation and factoranalysis and reliability. The results show that the scale is composed of threefactors that are consistent with the predicted constructs: Planning, teachingpractice, assessment. The scale could be used in future research to examine competenciesof student teachers in terms of differentiated instruction.

Effects of trapidil after crush injury in peripheral nerve.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of trapidil on crush injury by monitoring nitric oxide, malondialdehyde and transforming growth factor-Beta2 levels and by transmission electron microscopy in the rat sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve was compressed for 20 sec by using a jewelers forceps. Trapidil treatment groups were administrated a single dose of trapidil (8 mg/kg) intraperitoneally just after the injury. The crush and crush + trapidil treatment groups were evaluated on the 2nd, 7th, 15th, 30th and 45th days of the post-crush period. On the 7th and 15th days, damage in thin and thick myelinated axons, endoneural edema and mitochondrial swelling were less severe in the trapidil group histopathologically. These findings supported the idea that trapidil prevented cell damage and edema at the injury site. Day/group interaction with regard to serum nitric oxide, malondialdehyde and transforming growth factor-Beta2 levels did not show significant changes.</p

Missed Opportunities for Coronary Heart Disease Diagnoses: Primary Care Experience

Cilj Istražiti propuštene prilike da se u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti otkriju postojeće koronarne srčane bolesti koje prethodno nisu bile dijagnosticirane i rizične čimbenike koji su povezani s njima. Methods Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 850 osoba starijih od 30 godina, koji u povijesti bolesti nisu imali koronarnu srčanu bolest, a bili su pacijenti centra primarne zdravstvene zaštite u prigradskom dijelu grada Antalya u Turskoj. Prikupili smo podatke o njihovoj dobi, spolu, stupnju izobrazbe, zdravstvenom osiguranju, prihodima, pušenju i fizičkim aktivnostima. Pacijente s nedijagnosticiranom koronarnom srčanom bolešću otkrili smo s pomoću Roseova upitnika, fizikalnim pregledom i elektrokardiogramom. Mjerili smo im visinu, težinu, krvni tlak, serumsku koncentraciju glukoze i kolesterola, a indeks tjelesne težine i omjer opsega struka i bokova smo izračunali. Svakom je pacijentu dodijeljen broj bodova za rizične čimbenike koji su uključivali dob, spol, pušenje, sistolički krvani tlak i koncentraciju kolesterola. Za svakoga je pojedinca izračunat rizik da u sljedećem desetljeću razvije koronarnu srčanu bolest. Rezultati Bilo je 126 (14.8%) prethodno nedijagnosticiranih slučajeva nedijagnosticirane koronarne srčane bolesti. Ukupni srednji (±standardna devijacija) broj bodova za rizik dobivanja koronarne srčane bolesti u sljedećem desetljeću bio je 6.1±6.8. Bolesti koje potiču razvitak koronarne srčane bolesti – hipertenzije, šećerne bolesti i hiperkolesterolemije otkrivene su u 255 (30.4%), odnosno u 70 (8.2%) i u 364 (43.4%) ispitanika. Debljina je utvrđena u 315 (37.1%) ispitanika, a 222 (26.1%) su bili pušači. Za osobe koje se koriste primarnom zdravstvenom zaštitom procijenjeni postotni rizik za razvitak koronarne srčane bolesti u sljedećem desetljeću bio je 7 do 45% za muškarce i 2 do 45% za žene. Zaključak U primarnoj se zdravstvenoj zaštiti propušta prilika za bolje otkrivanje koronarne srčane bolesti kao i topoglednih rizičnih čimbenika. Potrebno je poduzeti mjere da se oni na vrijeme otkrivaju.Aim To investigate missed opportunities to reveal existing but not formerly diagnosed coronary heart disease cases and related risk factors in primary health care. Methods The study comprised 850 people aged over 30 years with no known history of coronary heart disease, receiving health services from a primary care center located in a suburban area of Antalya, Turkey. Data on their age, gender, education level, health insurance status, income, smoking behavior, and physical activities were collected. Undiagnosed coronary heart disease patients were determined by the Rose questionnaire, physical examination, and electrocardiogram. Height and weight, blood pressure, serum glucose and cholesterol levels were measured, and body-mass index and waist-hip ratio calculated. Each patient was given a risk score regarding age, smoking behavior, tolic blood pressure, and cholesterol levels. Estimated risk ratio of each person for developing coronary heart disease in the next decade was determined. Results The number of formerly undiagnosed coronary heart disease cases was 126 (14.8%). Overall mean (±standard deviation) risk score for developing coronary heart disease in the next decade in study group was 6.1 ± 6.8. Diseases facilitating development of coronary heart disease: hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia were present in 255 (30.4%), 70 (8.2%), and 364 (43.4%) participants, respectively. Obesity was detected in 315 (37.1%) subjects and there were 222 (26.1%) current smokers. For patients who attended primary health care, the estimated percentage risk for developing coronary heart disease in the next ten years was 7 to 45% in men and 2 to 45% in women. Conclusion Opportunities to reveal coronary heart disease and its risk factors are being missed in primary care. Measures should be taken to ensure timely diagnosis of coronary heart disease and related risk factors

Neuroanatomy, 2002, Volume1, Pages 22-25. Experimental Study

The organization of the somatic cell nuclei within the oculomotor nuclear complex in rat