Analysis of technical, economic and environmental aspects of photovoltaic designs: A case study on tekirdag viticulture research institute grape juice processing building roof

Renewable energy sources should be expanded instead of fossil energy sources due to their environmental damage and exhaustion property. Especially, unused roof areas in agricultural production plants are good options for electricity generation using PV panels. In this research; theoretical, practical and technical solar energy potentials were determined; the amount of electricity that can be produced and carbon emission amounts that can be reduced by PV panels were found using PVsyst and RETScreen software in 6 different designs for the roof area of Grape Products Processing Plant in Tekirdag Viticulture Research Institute. The average consumed energy during grape juice production period was determined as 4059,822 kWh. As a result of this research, the technical solar energy potential was found as 1543 kWh/m2 annually with acceptance of panel angle as 20? and the azimuth angle as 0?. Performance ratios for monocrystalline (mono-si), polycrystalline (poly-si) and amorfcrystalline (a-si) PV system designs were calculated as 85,15%-84,39%-80,40% while annual electricity generation values were calculated as 1219-1280-1291 kWh/kWp/year, respectively. It was seen that greenhouse gas reductions can be achieved as 10.9 tCO2/year in case of generation of 23.1 MWh electricity per year (mono-si); 10.5 tCO2 /year in case of 22.4 MWh electricity generation (poly-si) and 4.9 tCO2 /year in case of 10.3 MWh electricity generation (a-si). It was found that designs using a-si panel type are not suitable due to the limited roof area of the plant while designs using mono-si and poly-si panels provide approximate outputs in terms of cost and efficiency. © 2020, TUBITAK. All rights reserved

Changes of Nutritional and Physical Quality Characteristics During Storage of Osmotic Pretreated Apple Before Hot Air Drying and Sensory Evaluation

The aim of this research was to increase the application of different osmotic dehydration solutions to decrease the drying time, and decrease the loss of quality after drying and during storage of apples. Sucrose and trehalose solutions with 20 and 50 Brix concentrations were applied. Drying experiments were performed at 50, 60 and 70C using a hot air dryer. Changes in color, water activity, vitamin C, dry matter, total phenol content and mechanical properties were determined with 3-month intervals. Trehalose pretreatments, especially with 50 Brix concentration, generally decreased the drying time. Trehalose pretreatment with 20 Brix had better effects on quality characteristics. Texture of the samples pretreated using 50 Brix sucrose and trehalose stayed more stable just after drying. Lowest change in puncture force was found in 50 Brix trehalose-treated samples even after 12 months. Samples pretreated using 20 Brix trehalose had the higher preference by the panelists. Practical ApplicationsApple drying is rather important because of large production capacity in the world. For reducing quality losses and the cost, osmotic pretreatments and then using cabin or tunnel dryers, which are based on hot air circulating, have been widely used. Usually sucrose, dextrin, glucose have been used for osmotic dehydration implementations to fruits like apple, kiwi and mango, until now. Sucrose implementation is the most successful for fruits and therefore it has widest usage in fruit processing. But there are many disadvantages of using sucrose like caramelization and changes in flavor and viscosity. Our previous research showed that trehalose has rather good effects to improve the quality of dried vegetables such as carrot and potato. The results of this research can also serve as a valuable resource to further researches for utilization of alternative osmotic materials such as trehalose similar to our research to decrease negative effects of drying process.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TOVAG-105O544]This project was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (TOVAG-105O544)

Determination of Compatibility of Some Biodiesel Properties Produced under Turkey Conditions to Standards and Effects of Fuel Spraying Amount

Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde üretilen biyodizelin reolojik özelliklerinden biri olan viskozite değerleri ve bunun yanında motor performans eğrilerine doğrudan etkili olan özelliklerden biri olan özgül ağırlık değerleri saptanmıştır. Bu değerlerin standartlara uygunluğu incelenmiştir. Sıcaklığın viskozite değişimleri üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 20 ve 40 °C olmak üzere iki farklı sıcaklıkta viskozite ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Standartlara uygun şekilde özgül ağırlık değerleri de 15 °C’ de belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, piyasadan toplanan ve kullanımda olan 8 adet biyodizel numunesi (4’ü Sanayi Ticaret İl Müdürlüklerine kayıtlı, diğer dördü ise kayıtlı değildir) ve karşılaştırma yapabilmek amacıyla da 1adet motorin numunesi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Viskozite ve özgül ağırlık ölçümlerinin yanı sıra farklı marka traktör motorlarında yaygın olarak kullanılan 3 farklı tip enjektör kullanılarak, viskozite ve özgül ağırlık değişimlerinin enjektörlerden püskürtülen yakıt miktarı üzerine ve püskürtülen yakıtın yanma odası içerisindeki dağılımına etkileri de belirlenmiştir. Yanma odası içerisindeki yakıt dağılımını saptamak amacıyla traktör motorundaki yanma odası ile aynı ölçülere sahip bir yanma odası modeli oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, örneklerin sıcaklık değerlerinin artmasıyla viskozite değerlerinin oldukça düştüğü saptanmıştır. Kayıtlı olan firmalara ait örneklerde dahil olmak üzere biyodizellerin büyük çoğunluğunda viskozite ve özgül ağırlık değerlerinin standart dışı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yüksek özgül ağırlık ve viskoziteden dolayı püskürtülen yakıt miktarı tüm biyodizel örnekleri ve enjektörler için motorine kıyasla daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Yanma odası içerisindeki dağılıma göre en yüksek yakıt miktarı 9 numaralı yüksek viskoziteli biyodizel örneğinde saptanmıştır. Motorin yanma odasında biyodizel örneklerine göre daha uzak bölgelere püskürtülmüş ve dağılımın daha homojen olduğu saptanmıştır.In this study, viscosity values that is one of the rheological properties of biodiesel samples that have been produced under Turkey conditions. In addition to this, specific weight values that are effective on directly to engine performance curves were also determined. Compatibility of these values to standards were examined. Kinematic viscosity measurements at two different temperatures namely 20 and 40 °C were carried out to determine the effect of temperature on viscosity change. Density measurements according to the standard at 15 °C was also set. In this study, eight biodiesel samples were collected from markets (4 of them are enrolled to Industry and Commerce provincial Directorates, the other four are not registered), and 1 diesel sample as comparison sample were used. In addition to viscosity and specific weight measurements, effect of viscosity and specific weight changes on the amount of fuel sprayed from injector by using 3 different types injectors that are used in different brand widely used tractor engines was determined. In addition to these effects of fuel with different density and viscosity on distribution of sprayed fuel in combustion chamber was determined by manufacturing a model combustion chamber that has identical with tractor combustion chambers. According to research results, increasing of the temperature decreased the viscosity values highly. Including the registered samples, in the great majority of biodiesel samples viscosity and specific weight values were determined to be non-standard. Due to high specific weight and viscosity, amount the sprayed fuel were found higher for all injector and biodiesel samples compared to sprayed diesel amount. According to distrubition in combustion chamber, the highest fuel amount was found for biodiesel 9 that has the maximum viscosity. Diesel was spryed the furthest points in combustion chamber and its distribution was found more homogenity compared with those biodiesel samples

FARKLI BİYOKÜTLE SAPLARININ GAZLAŞTIRILMASI AMACIYLA LABORATUVAR TİPİ BİR GAZLAŞTIRICININ GELİŞTİRİLMESİ

Bu projede, bölgemizde yoğun olarak yetiştirilen çeltik ve kanola ürünlerinin hasattan sonra tarlada kalan saplarının gazlaştırılarak enerji içeriklerinin değerlendirilmesi için laboratuvar tipi bir gazlaştırıcı tasarlanmış ve imalatı yapılmıştır. Bölgeden toplanan çeltik ve kanola sapları peletlenerek biyokütle yakıt haline getirilmiş ve analizleri yapılmıştır. Geliştirilen gazlaştırıcının denemeleri çeltik ve kanola sapından imal edilmiş peletler kullanılarak başarıyla gazlaştırılmıştır. Gazlaştırma denemeleri sonucunda, kömür katkısının çeltik sapı peletleri için sentez gaz ısıl değerini arttırdığı (3,686 MJ/Nm3 değerinden 3,71 MJ/Nm3 değerine) ancak özgül gazlaşma hızının da artmasıyla beraber verime etkisinin olumsuz olduğu gözlemlenmiştir (katkısız peletlerde maksimum %61,9, kömür katkılı peletlerde ise maksimum %57,41) Kanola pelet örneklerinde kömür katkısı gazlaştırma parametreleri açısından olumlu etki yapmıştır (ısıl değer 7,15 MJ/Nm3 den 8,96 MJ/Nm3 değerine, ısıl etkinlik %68,85’den 81.51%’e yükselmiştir). Çeltik sapı peletlerinde içerdiği yüksek silisyum sebebiyle 800?C ve yukarı sıcaklık değerlerinde camlaşma riski taşıdığından dolayı yüksek gazlaşma hızlarına çıkılamamıştır. Kanola sapı peletleri ile çeltik sapı peletleri arasındaki performans farkının bu kadar fazla olmasının ana sebebi budur. Peletlenerek enerji yoğunluğu arttırılmış biyokütlelerin gazlaştırılması için ise tasarım sorunsuz bir şekilde çalışmış fakat peletlenmemiş, saman halindeki çeltik ve kanola saplarının gazlaştırılması için reaktör konstrüksiyonunun mevcut şekliyle uygun olmadığı, uygun olması için sürekli biyokütle besleme donanımlarını ilave edilmesi ve ebatlarda değişiklik yapılması gerektiği görülmüştür. Peletlenmemiş çeltik samanı için %37,14 gibi düşük bir verim elde edilirken, kanola samanında bu değer biraz daha yüksek elde edilerek %48,30 verime ulaşılmıştır. Aynı şekilde elde edilen singazın ısl değeride çeltik sapı için oldukça düşük (1.94 MJ/Nm3) bulunmuştur. Bu değer kanola samanı için 4,47 MJ/Nm3 olarak saptanmıştır. Özgül gazlaşma hızı ile verim ilişkisini gösteren grafikler değerlendirildiğinde; gerek kömür katkılı gerekse kömür katkısız olarak kanola sapından hazırlanmış peletlerin gazlaştırılmasında çeltik peletlerine göre çok daha yüksek özgül gazlaşma hızı önerilebileceği saptanmıştır.In this research, a laboratory scale gasifier was designed and manufactured for rice straw and canola straw to evaluate energy contents that collected from our region. Collected rice straw and canola straw from our region were prepared as biomass fuel by pelletizing and the pellets were analyzed. Experiments were realized by using rice straw and canola straw pellets and biomass samples were gasified successfully. As a result of the gasification experiments, it was observed that adding of coal powder to paddy stalk pellets increased the heat value of obtained syngas (from 3,686 MJ / Nm3 to 3.71 MJ / Nm3) while it has negative effect on the efficiency due to increaing of increasing specific gasification rate (maximum 61.9% for pellets withour coal powder and maximum 57.41% for coal powder added pellets). Adding of coal powder had a positive effect on the gasification parameters of the canola pellet samples (heat values increased from 7,15 MJ/Nm3 to 8,96 MJ/Nm3 while efficiency increased from 68,85% to 81.51%). Due to the high silicon content in the paddy pellets of the paddy, the high gasification rates could not be achieved due to the risk of glass structure at temperatures of 800 °C and above. This is the main reason why the efficiency difference between canola stalk pellets and paddy stalk pellets is so high. For gasification of pelltted biomass with increased energy density, designed reactor in this project worked smoothly. On the other hand, it has been determined that reactor construction is not suitable for the gasification of paddy and canola straws that were not pelletted and continuous biomass feeding systems should be included and changes in dimensions should be done. Lower efficiency was found for unpelletted paddy straw as 37.14% while higher value was determined for unpelletted canola straw as 48.30%. As parallel to this lower efficiency values compared to values determined for pelletted straws, heat values of syngas for unpelltted paddy straw was determined rather low (1.94 MJ/Nm3) compared to value for unpelltetd canola stalk as 4.47 MJ/Nm3. Graphs that showed that relationship between the specific gasification rate and the efficiency showed that higher specific gasification rate can be offered for gasification of both coal-added and without coal pellets prepared from canola straw compared to pellets prepared from paddy straws

Mikrodalga Yöntemiyle Mikroalg Yağından Biyodizel Üretiminde Optimum Reaksiyon Koşullarının Belirlenmesi

Biyodizel gibi alternatif yakıtlara talep, çevresel kaygılardan ve fosil kaynakların azalmasından dolayı sürekli artmaktadır. Ancak, biyodizel elde edilen bitkisel kökenli aspir, kanola, fıstık vb yağların aynı zamanda gıda sektöründe önemli yer tutması, biyodizel üretiminin en önemli kısıtlayıcı faktörüdür. Mikroalgler yüksek yağ içeriğinden dolayı (%31–68), biyodizel üretimi için önemli bitkisel yağ kaynaklarından biridir. Ayrıca, mikroalg yağının alkol içerisinde iyi çözünebilme özelliği, transesterifikasyon reaksiyonunu daha verimli hale getirir. Bu çalışmada, mikroalg yağından mikrodalga ısıtma ile biyodizel üretiminin parametrik olarak incelenmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Transesterifikasyon reaksiyonunda katalizör olarak KOH kullanılmıştır. Katalizör oranı, reaksiyon sıcaklığı ve süresi gibi çeşitli reaksiyon parametrelerinin ürün verimine ve kalitesine etkisi incelenmiştir. Mikroalg yağının mikrodalga ısıtma ile %1,5 katalizör oranı, 60oC sıcaklık ve 6 dakika transesterifikasyonu sonucunda %91,7 biyodizel verimine ulaşılmıştır.Demands for alternative fuels such as biodiesel are increasing because of decreasing of fossil fuel sources and its environmental concerns. However, the resulting biodiesel plant origin safflower, canola, peanut oil, etc. at the same time hold an important place in the food sector, the biodiesel production is the most important limiting factor. One of the most important vegetable oil source is microalgae oil, because of high oil content of the seeds such as %31-68. The yield of transesterification reaction is too high because microalgae oil can be dissolved in alcohol easily. In this study, parametric experiments were done using microwave heating system in order to obtain biodiesel by transesterification reaction of microalgae oil using KOH as a catalyst. Effect of catalyst ratio, reaction temperature and time on transesterification of microalgae oil were investigated. Microwave assisted transesterification of cottonseed oil under the conditions of 1.5% catalyst-oil ratio, 60oC temperature and 6 minutes reaction time, resulted in a biodiesel yield of 91.7%

A Prototype Downdraft Gasifier Design with Mechanical Stirrer for Rice Straw Gasification and Comparative Performance Evaluation for Two Different Airflow Paths

In this research, a prototype downdraft throatless gasifier was designed with a mechanical stirrer. The gasifier was designed for gasification of rice straw pellets. The diameter of the reactor was 350 mm and a nominal value for the heat power of biomass input was 70 kW. Rice straws which were collected from Thrace Region of Turkey gasified for determination of the designed gasifier performance in Namik Kemal University Biosystem Engineering Laboratories. The effects of airflow path and stirring process on the gasification efficiency during the gasification process were investigated. Temperatures and airflow rates observed and adjusted by controlling the air flow rate in the automation system constantly. Pellets were gasified using two different airflow paths with the same equivalence ratio of 0.2 and these were compared. Air inlet from the top showed better results than air inlet from tuyeres. For the air inlet from the top, the higher heating value of producer gas was determined as 5.047 MJ Nm(-3) and cold gas efficiency was calculated as 65.4%. H-2/CO ratio was found as 1.385 which was higher than the air inlet from tuyeres.TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [113O434]We would like to thank TUBITAK for the supporting this project that numbered 113O434. The experimental gasifier laboratory established by this TUBITAK Project

Development Of PLC Based Prototype Data Acquisition And Control System For Laboratory Type Gasifiers

Bu araştırmada farklı tip gazlaştırıcılar üzerine monte edilerek gazlaştırma süreçlerinin izlenmesini sağlayacak PLC kontrollü bir veri toplama ve kontrol sistemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sistem, modüler yapıda olup genişletilmeye uygun analog ve dijital giriş/çıkış modülleri ile donatılmıştır. Araştırmada gerçekleştirilen prototip sistem ile termokupllar, yük hücreleri ve basınç sensörleri gibi farklı tip algılayıcılardan gelen analog ve dijital veriler algılanabilmektedir. Ayrıca PLC’nin analog çıkış kanallarından gönderilen sinyaller ile reaktörler üzerindeki fan, motor ve oransal vanaların kontrolleri sağlanarak çalışma hızları denetlenebilmektedir. Geliştirilen prototip veri toplama ve kontrol sistemi ile laboratuvar ölçekli bir gazlaştırıcıda gerçekleştirilen gazlaştırma süreçleri, bir operatör paneli üzerinden takip edilirken, süreç değişkenleri 60s periyot ile USB belleğe kaydedilebilmektedir. Sistem, genişleme modülleri ile donatılarak endüstriyel amaçlı büyük tesislerin kontrolü için de kullanılabilecek mimari yapıya sahiptir. Geliştirilen sistemin başarısı yürütülen deneysel çalışmalar ile test edilmiş ve elde edilen sıcaklık, basınç, debi ve kütle değişimi grafikleri metin içerisinde sunulmuştur.In this research, a PLC controlled data acquisition and control system has been designed which is installed on different types of gasifiers to monitor the gasification processes. It is a modular system and equipped with analog and digital input / output expansion modules. The prototype system in the research can detect analogue and digital data coming from different types of sensors such as thermocouples, load cells and pressure sensors. In addition, operating speeds of the fans, motors and proportional valves on the reactors can be controlled by providing signals from the analog output channels of the PLC. With the developed prototype data acquisition and control system, the process variables can be saved to USB memory with 60 s period and monitored on a HMI touch panelduring gasification processes performed in a laboratory scale gasifier. By equipping with expansion modules, this system can be used to control large industrial plants. The developed system has been tested successfully in experimental studies and the obtained graphs of temperature, pressure, flow and mass change are presented in the text

Development and Testing of A Laboratory Type Gasifier for Gasification of Paddy Straw

Bu çalışma kapsamında, Trakya Bölgesi’nde yoğun olarak yetiştirilen çeltik bitkisinin hasattan sonra tarlada kalan saplarının gazlaştırılarak enerji içeriklerinin değerlendirilmesi için laboratuvar tipi bir gazlaştırıcı tasarlanmış ve imalatı yapılmıştır. Bölgeden toplanan çeltik sapları %100 sap ve %15 oranında kömür tozu ile karıştırılmış şekilde peletlenmiş ve peletlerin analizleri yapılmıştır. Gerek hammadde ve gerekse pelet örnekleri için gazlaştırma denemeleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve elde edilen gaz örneklerinin içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Gazlaştırma denemeleri sonucunda, kömür katkısının çeltik sapı peletleri için sentez gaz ısıl değerini arttırdığı (3,686 MJ/Nm3 değerinden 3,71 MJ/Nm3 değerine) ancak özgül gazlaşma hızının da artmasıyla beraber verime etkisinin olumsuz olduğu gözlemlenmiştir (katkısız peletlerde maksimum %61,9, kömür katkılı peletlerde en fazla %57,41). Çeltik sapı peletlerinin içerdiği yüksek silisyum sebebiyle 800?C ve yukarı sıcaklık değerlerinde camlaşma riski taşıdığından dolayı yüksek gazlaşma hızlarına çıkılamamıştır. Peletlenerek enerji yoğunluğu arttırılmış biyokütlenin gazlaştırılması için ise tasarım sorunsuz bir şekilde çalışmış fakat peletlenmemiş, saman halindeki çeltik saplarının gazlaştırılması için reaktör konstrüksiyonunun mevcut şekliyle uygun olmadığı, uygun olması için sürekli biyokütle besleme donanımlarını ilave edilmesi ve ebatlarda değişiklik yapılması gerektiği görülmüştür. Peletlenmemiş çeltik samanı için %37,14 gibi düşük bir verim elde edilmiştir. Aynı şekilde elde edilen singazın ısıl değeride çeltik sapı için oldukça düşük (1.94 MJ/Nm3 ) bulunmuştur.In this research, a laboratory scale gasifier was designed and manufactured for rice straw straw that stayed on the field after harvesting to evaluate energy contents. Collected rice straw from our region was pelletted (100% straw pellet and pellet mixtured with 15% coal powder) and the pellets were analyzed. Experiments were realized by using both rice straw and pellets and biomass samples were gasified and compositions of obtained gas samples were determined . As a result of the gasification experiments, it was observed that adding of coal powder to paddy stalk pellets increased the heat value of obtained syngas (from 3,686 MJ / Nm3 to 3.71 MJ / Nm3 ) while it has negative effect on the efficiency due to increasing of specific gasification rate (maximum 61.9% for pellets without coal powder and maximum 57.41% for coal powder added pellets). Due to the high silicon content in the paddy pellets of the paddy, the high gasification rates could not be achieved due to the risk of glass structure at temperatures of 800 °C and above. For gasification of pelletted biomass with increased energy density, designed reactor in this project worked smoothly. On the other hand, it has been determined that reactor construction is not suitable for the gasification of paddy straws that were not pelletted and continuous biomass feeding systems should be included and changes in dimensions should be done. Lower efficiency was found for unpelletted paddy straw as 37.14%. As parallel to this lower efficiency values compared to values determined for pelletted straws, heat values of syngas for unpelletted paddy straw was determined rather low (1.94 MJ/Nm3 )

Some applications to retain the quality of fruits and vegetables during drying and storage in Turkey

Drying process is very important preservative method for foods and usually brings about some degradation of the final products. For this reason, some handlings such as pretreatments (physical, thermal, chemical etc.) are generally required to preserve the product quality either during drying or storage. One of the most important exporting stuff of Turkey is dried fruits and vegetables and the most acceptable dried grape (raisin), apricot, fig, tomato, hazelnuts over the world are produced in Turkey. In this article, some traditional and commercial applications to decrease quality losses during drying and storage of fruits and vegetables in Turkey and some constraints about these applications were explained and discussed. In addition to these applications, some results of recent researches performed in Turkey to keep the quality of dried fruits and vegetables and decrease the activity of molds and yeasts were explained. © 2015, Japan Society for Food Engineering. All rights reserved

The effect of moisture content on the thermal properties of sunflower seeds. (Helianthus annuus L.)

36th International Symposium on Agricultural Engineering -- FEB 11-15, 2008 -- Opatija, CROATIAHeat transfer in oil seeds is an important issue during production and in handling and processing. Since oil seeds are heat-sensitive due to their composition, their quality may suffer if they are exposed to excessive heat. In some cases heat transfer is also accompanied by mass transfer such as drying or dehydration. In this research in addition to thermal properties namely thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, specific heat capacity, enthalpy, thermal diffusivity values; some physical properties such as dimensional properties, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, bulk density and 1000 seeds weight were determined experimentally. Also water activity values were measured by using a water activity measurement device. All measurements were performed for three different moisture level namely 5.78, 1618, and 24.2 % (w.b.). The thermal conductivity and thermal resistance were measured by KD2 device that is working according to the transient technique using a line heat source. The specific heat capacity was measured by a calorimeter. Thermal diffusivity was calculated by using obtained data. Enthalpy and water activity values were measured by using a special apparatus that works with Testo 650 data logger. Except thermal resistance all thermal properties increased as the moisture content increased.Ministarstvo Znanosti, Obrazovanja Sporta Republike Hrvatske, Ministarstvo Poljoprivrede, Sumarstva Vodnog Gospodarstva, INA, SIP, POLJONOVA, GRAMIP TPS, INTERSTEP, AGROMARKETIN