Study and assessment of compost of different organic mixtures and effect of organic compost tea on plant diseases

Four compost treatments representing different organic mixtures were studied: - Treatment T1: 100% cattle manure - Treatment T2: 80% cattle manure and 20% sheep manure - Treatment T3: 70% cattle manure, 20% sheep manure and 10% poultry manure. - Treatment T4: 50% cattle manure, 20% sheep manure, 20% poultry manure and 10% crushed wheat straw. The results showed that the temperature was higher for the 4th treatment which was richer in carbon than the other treatments. The initial alkaline pH decreases for all treatments and approaches neutrality at the end of composting process, essentially for the first treatment. There is also a decrease in the carbon / nitrogen ratio. At the maturity stage, a compost tea was prepared from different composts after five days extraction period. The four compost teas were tested on different plant pathogens: Fusarium roseum var sambucinum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani var coeruleum, Phytophtora erythroseptica and Rhizoctonia solani. All the treatments were efficient against these pathogens and especially the 4th treatment which considerably reduces also the dry rot of Fusarium solani in potato tubers during storage. This is considered an important result since Fusarium solani seems to be the most important pathogen in Tunisian soils. Our studies should be carried out in order to determine the better combination of organic mixtures, the better method of compost tea extraction (aerobic or anaerobic), the optimal period of extraction and doses to be used

Global existence and Asymptotic behavior for a system of wave equation in presence of distributed delay term

In this paper, we consider the following viscoelastic coupled wave equation with a delay term: $$\begin{gathered} u_{tt}(x,t)-Lu(x,t)-\int_0^t g_1(t-\sigma)L u(x,\sigma)d\sigma + \mu_{1}u_{t}(x,t) + \int_{\tau_1}^{\tau_2} \mu_2(s)u_{t}(x,t-s)ds + f_1(u,\upsilon)=0, \\ \upsilon_{tt}(x,t) - L\upsilon(x,t) - \int_0^t g_{2}(t-\sigma)L \upsilon(x,\sigma)d\sigma + \mu_3\upsilon_t(x,t) + \int_{\tau_1}^{\tau_2} \mu_4(s)\upsilon_{t}(x,t-s)ds + f_{2}(u,\upsilon)=0, \end{gathered}$$ in a bounded domain. Under appropriate conditions on $\mu_{1}$, $\mu_{2}$, $\mu_{3}$ and $\mu_{4}$, we prove global existence result by combining the energy method with the Faedo-Galerkin's procedure. In addition , we focus on asymptotic behavior by using an appropriate Lyapunov functional

Penetration of organic and inorganic ionic tracers into the skin following iontophoresis : a comparative study 'in vivo'

Ionic materials in solution do not penetrate the skin following local (topical) application. Such a low permeability can, however, be altered by iontophoresis. Utilization of transmission and scanning electron microscopy and cryostat techniques has made it possible to demonstrate the penetration and site of deposition of ionic tracers in the skin of the rat. It has been found that the penetration of cationic dyes and metal cations is facilitated by positive iontophoresis while the penetration of anionic dyes is facilitated by negative iontophoresis. The extent of penetration is determined by the current density, the concentration of the tracer in the vehicle, the physico-chemical properties of the tracers and the type of vehicle used. The removal of surface lipid is regarded as insignificant in terms of enhancing the penetration of tracers by iontophoresis. It has been found that the penetration of ionic tracers into the skin is preferentially transfollicular. However, the penetration of electron-dense tracers into the stratum corneum of the epidermis and the follicular infundibula is preferentially intercellular, while that into the sebaceous glands is transcellular. It is considered that the whole of the stratum corneum of the epidermis is the major barrier to cutaneous penetration by electrolytes. In addition, a barrier function is suggested for sebum situated in the follicular infundibul

Madison 2.0—Applying the Constitution’s Taxing and Spending Clause to Revitalize American Federalism

This article introduces the proposal entitled Madison 2.0 which calls for an enlightened federal government to enact legislation—using its broad ability to tax and spend for the general welfare—to revitalize, as opposed to undermine, American federalism. Part I discusses American Federalism today and the need for an updated approach. Part II explores the government\u27s dysfunctional response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Part III proposes how to revitalize American federalism through the Spending Clause. Part IV discusses how to claw back funds in situations of state recalcitrance and replacing funds with a basic income. Lastly, this article concludes by explaining why the Madison 2.0 proposal address the need to revitalize American federalism

Over weight or under the weight of the world?

This audio documentary aims to show the different struggles that people face if they do not fit into the “perfect body shape,” and how this affects them in their everyday lives and sometimes even in the process of pursuing their dreams. As it also shows how they are pressured in many cases

Nano-bainitic steels: acceleration of transformation by high aluminum addition and its effect on their mechanical properties

Additions of 3 and 5 wt.% Al have been investigated as a low-cost method for transformation acceleration in nano-bainitic steels. For both Al contents, two groups of steels with C-content in the range ~0.7 to ~0.95 wt.% were studied. Thermodynamic and physical simulations were used in alloy and heat treatment design. Characterization was performed via dilatometry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and tensile and impact testing. Fast bainitic-transformation time-intervals ranging from 750–4600 s were recorded and tensile strengths up to 2000 MPa at a ductility of ~10 elongation percent were attainable for the 3 wt.% Al group at an austempering temperature of 265 ◦C. Higher Al additions were found to perform better than their lower Al counterparts as the austempering temperature is dropped. However, Al lowered the austenite stability, increased the martensite start temperature, austenitization temperatures and, consequently, the prior austenite grain size, as well as limiting the austempering temperatures to higher ones. Additionally, the lowered austenite stability coupled with higher additions of hardenability elements (here carbon) to maintain the martensite start at around 300 ◦C, causing the 5 wt.% Al group to have a large amount of low stability retained austenite (and consequently brittle martensite) in their microstructure, leading to a low elongation of around 5%