Application of Navier-Stokes Equation in the Determination of the Velocity Profile of Constitutive Carrier Wave in a Visco-Elastic Blood Circulating System of HIV/AIDS Infected Person

The general understanding of the literature of clinical diseases is that the HIV attacks and feeds on the active cells that make up the human immune system. However, this process is associated with the gradual depletion and weakening of the active cells thereby resulting in a breakdown in the biological performance of the human system. This is a very correct statement but not a unique understanding. There is also a cause (vibration) that gives the HIV its own intrinsic characteristics, activity and existence. It is not the Human system that gives the HIV its life and existence, since the HIV itself is an active living organism and with its own peculiar wave characteristics even before it enters the system of Man. It is the vibration of an unknown force that causes life and existence. Therefore, for any active matter to exist it must possess vibration and vibration produces wave. The human heart stands as a transducer of this vibration. Fortunately, the blood stands as a means of conveying this vibration to all units of the human system. In this work, therefore, we primarily seek to determine the vibratory wave characteristics that are peculiar to both Man and the HIV. The spectrum of the velocity profile conveyed by the constituted carrier wave is characterised by the predominance of the radial velocity and with minimal contribution from the angular velocity. The characteristic spectrum of the velocities shows that within 21 hours after infection with HIV, the biological system of Man must imaginarily recognize and react to the interference of a strange velocity-like body whose influence may be destructive or constructive as the case may be. However, the recuperative inbuilt factor in the human system initially tends to annul this effect and renormalizes the frequency of vibration until it finally goes to zero after a specified time. It is also shown in this work that the radial and the angular velocity are oppositely related

Paediatric orofacial tumours: New oral health concern in paediatric patients

Objective: This study aims to determine the incidence,`age, gender, orofacial sites and histological pattern of paediatric orofacial tumours in a Nigerian population. The yearly findings will be analysed to identify theinterval for increase in the incidence of paediatric orofacial tumours.Patients and Methods: A 21-year (1990 to 2010) retrospective analysis of paediatric orofacial tumours in children younger than 16 years was carried out in the Department of Oral Pathology/Oral Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria.Results: Of the 1013 diagnosed lesions within the study period, there were 137 (13.5%) paediatric orofacial tumours, among which 71 (51.8%) cases occurred within the last 6 years (2005 to 2010). There was male predilection for the lesions (78 males to 59 females, ratio = 1.3:1). The mean age was 9 + 4.3 years, with peak age group of 11 to 15 years (n=60, 43.8%). The mandible (n=44, 32.1%), followed by the maxilla(n=42, 30.7%) and orofacial soft tissue (n=19, 13.9%) were the most common sites. The benign tumours (n=72, 52.6%) were slightly more than the malignant tumours (n=65, 47.4%). There were more malignant tumours (n=23, 16.8%) than benign tumours (n=20, 14.6%) within the last 3 years (2008 to 2010) under review. Burkitt’s lymphoma (n=38, 27.7%) was the commonest malignant lesion.Conclusion: This study showed a recent increase in the incidence of  paediatric orofacial tumours, particularly due to a higher incidence of Burkitt’s lymphoma.Keywords: Paediatrics, Orofacial tumour, Benign, Malignant, Oral Healt

Oral factors associated with delusional halitosis: a report of 3 cases and review of the literature

Objective: To emphasize the relevance of patient's associated oral predisposing factor(s) in the evaluation, counselling and treatment of delusional halitosis.Method: Delusional halitosis was diagnosed using the standard halitosis questionnaire, clinical examination, halimeter assessment and mental health assessment were done.Results: Three cases of delusional halitosis were diagnosed with associated carious teeth, bitter taste and seepage of saliva from around an upper single tooth denture as the oral predisposing factors for the condition. Two of the patients benefited from anti-anxiety medication, counselling and behavioural therapy.Conclusion: The role of dentists in the management of delusional halitosis is emphasized. The oral factors linked as triggers for delusional halitosis in this study were useful for counselling the patients on the possible cause of their oral malo dour, which was followed up with behavioural therapy. Dental practitioners interested in assisting patients with psychosomatic tendencies need to be trained in cognitive behavioural therapy. Instead of a referral to mental health specialists, we recommend a joint clinic where the therapy sessions are in a dental setting.KEY WORDS: counselling, delusion, dentist, halitosis, oral-facto

Health Care Financing in Nigeria: An Assessment of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS)

How a nation finances its health care delivery system could be a clear parameter in assessing the premium placed on its people’s health. As a critical developmental component like food, shelter and clothing, the health sector requires adequate funding. However, the funding of health care system varies across different countries. In the case of Nigeria, the financing of the health care delivery system is majorly through tax revenue, out-of-pocket payment or user fees, donor funding and social health insurance. The federal government introduced the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) because it considered funding health so demanding due to dwindling economy, perennial shortage of qualified and competent health personnel, shortage of drugs and other health infrastructures. More importantly, the introduction of the scheme was to guarantee good and qualitative access to efficient health care services such that it could reduce catastrophic household out-of-pocket health expenditure. Since its inception and resuscitation, several states across the country have keyed into it. However, actual implementation of the scheme by these states appeared not to have commenced fully. While this paper identified the various major sources of health care financing in Nigeria, its focal point was on the NHIS. Consequently, a framework for explaining the impact of the scheme within the context of Nigeria was designed through a triangulation of Structural Functionalist and Rational Choice Theories. The major findings about NHIS from the cross-sectionalized review of the empirical studies conducted across Nigeria revealed among others that the level of awareness of the scheme among the target population in some states was high while a couple of states recorded low-level knowledge of the scheme. In addition, the introduction of the scheme has tremendously scaled up the patronage and utilization of health facilities and reduction in out-of-pocket expenditure for health services rendered. This paper therefore recommended among others that the government in collaboration with relevant partners should intensify optimal awareness and education on the scheme to all Nigerians. It also suggested increased funding for the scheme through budgetary allocation to the health sector. Keywords: Health care financing, National Health Insurance Scheme; and Impac

A VARIATIONAL THEORY OF QUASI-PARTICLES IN A 3D N x N x N CUBIC LATTICE

The single-band Hubbard Hamiltonian study faces a serious limitation and difficulty as we move away from finite - size lattices to larger N - dimensional lattices. Thus there is the needto develop the means of overcoming the finite - size lattice defects as we pass on to a higher dimension.In this work, a quantitative approximation to the one-band Hubbard model is presented using a variational analytic approach. The goal of this work, therefore, is to explore quantitatively the lowest ground-state energy and the pairing correlations in 3D N x N x N lattices of the Hubbard model. We developed the unit step model as an approximate solution to the single-band Hubbard Hamiltonian to solve variationallythe correlation of two interacting elections on a three-dimensional cubic lattice. We also showed primarily how to derive possible electronic states available for several even and odd3D lattices, although, this work places more emphasis on a 3D 5 x 5 x 5 lattice. The results emerging from our present study compared favourablywith the results of Gutzwillervariational approach (GVA) and correlated variational approach (CVA), at thelarge limit of the Coulomb interaction strength (U/4t). It is revealed in this study, that the repulsive Coulomb interaction which in part leads to the strong electronic correlations, would indicate that the two electron system prefer not to condense into s-wave superconducting singlet state (s = 0), at high positive values of the interaction strength

Acute Pericoronitis And The Position Of The Mandibular Third Molar In Nigerians

This study evaluates the relationship of acute pericoronitis to the position of the mandibular third molar in Nigerians. One hundred and thirty-two cases of acute pericoronitis seen over a period of 6 months at the state Dental Centre, Kaduna were studied. The tooth with the highest risk for acute pericoronitis was found to be vertically positioned third molar (57.4%); followed respectively by distoangular (25.9%) and mesioangular (14.8%) impactions. The height of such a tooth in relation to the second molar was found to correlate with deep pocket distal to the tooth (P< 0.05). The observation in this study showed that most of the teeth of the vertically impacted group were either at the same occlusal level or slightly above. A change in the classification of vertical impaction into 'false' and 'true' vertical impactions is suggested

Maxillofacial trauma due to road traffic accidents in Benin City, Nigeria: a prospective study

Background: The incidence and causes of road traffic accidents (RTAs) vary with geographical location. The economic and social costs of RTAs are enormous. The knowledge of aetiologic factors and associated injury patterns may be important in planning for prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to document the aetiological factors and the frequency of maxillofacial injuries due to RTAs. Methods: Over a six-month period, 312 patients with facial trauma due to RTAs were prospectively studied. The demographic parameters, the cause of the RTA, the vehicle type, the use of seat belts, helmets, and other safety devices were recorded. Distribution of maxillofacial bone and soft tissue injuries by vehicle type as well as associated injuries were documented. Results: The minibus was the vehicle type most often involved (36.2%) and tyre blowout (21.2%) was identified as the most common contributory factor. Males 117 (37.5%) in the 21 – 30 year- age range were most often involved. The forehead was most often the site of soft tissue injury (37.3%) while the mandible was the facial bone most often fractured (29.2%). Head injury (55.8%) was the commonest associated injury. Conclusion: The low utilization of safety devices like seat belts and air bags as well as the absence and non-enforcement of road traffic legislation were identified as aetiological factors. Keywords: Aetiologic factors, maxillofacial trauma, road traffic accidents Annals of African Medicine Vol.2(2) 2003: 58-6

The Dynamics of Energy Attenuation inHIV/AIDS Patients

In this work, we used the constituted carrier wave (CCW) which we developed in a previous study to determine the dynamics of energy attenuation in HIV/AIDS patients. The CCW is the superposition of two incoherent waves, the ‘parasitic wave’ and the ‘host wave’ and it describes the coexistence of the parasite HIV and the human system which of course is now the host. We also used Fourier transform technique to determine quantitatively the spectrum of energy attenuationconveyed by the CCW. It is established in this study, that the reduced velocity of the CCW causes a delay in the energy transfer mechanism which eventually leads to starvation and weakening of the initial strength of the active cells that make up the human biological system. It is shown that in the absence of specific treatment, the HIV infection degenerates to acquire immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) after about92 months (8 years) and this is indicated by the reduced frequency of the energy spectrum. The energy of the CCW which now describes the new biological system of Man after infection with HIVfinally goes to zero - a phenomenon called death, when the multiplier approaches the critical value of 13070 and the time it takes to attain this value is about 126 months (10 years). Keywords: Energy attenuation, ‘host wave’, ‘parasitic wave’, CCW, HIV/AIDS, ‘third world approximation’.

The Velocity Profiles of HIV/AIDS In The Human Circulating Blood System: With Oscillating Time Dependent Total Phase Agle (E).

The human cyclic heart contraction generates pulsatile blood flow and latent vibration. The latent vibration is sinusoidal and central in character, that is, it flows along the middle of the vascular blood vessels and in the process it orients the active particles of the blood and sets them into oscillating motion with a unified frequency. We assume that it is the vibration of the HIV that interferes with the Human latent vibration. In this work, we utilized the known dynamical characteristics of the vibration of HIV and those of Man from a previous study to determine quantitatively the velocity profiles of HIV/AIDS in the human circulating blood system. We also used Fourier transform technique to determine the subsequent behaviour of the velocity of the constituted carrier wave (CCW) as it propagates away from the source which is the human heart. It is shown that the spectrum of the velocity profiles of the CCW become parasitically monochromatic with slow varying frequency beyond 77 months (6 years) and the velocity of the CCW finally fluctuate to zero after about 126 months (10 years). Keywords: latent vibration, ‘host wave’, ‘parasitic wave’, CCW, HIV/AIDS, ‘third world approximation

Autogenous Tooth Transplantation In Adult Orofacial Cleft Deformity: A Case Report

A case of autotransplantation of a tooth in a 26 year old female African cleft palate patient is reported. This case report emphasizes the possibility and success of autotransplantation in our centre, it also emphasizes that transplantation is only technique sensitive but less equipment sensitive. It further stresses that an otherwise extracted and discarded tooth can be used to make natural functional unit. Keyword: autotransplantation, tooth, cleft palate, success, technique sensitive, extraction