A dendroecological study on Pinus nigra Arn. at different altitudes of northern slopes of Kazdaglari, Turkey

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between tree ring widths of Pinus nigra in Kazdaglari having humid and very humid climatic conditions. Sixty two trees were cut from 24 sampled points from different altitudes in Kazdaglari to measure treering widths. To determine the responses to the climate, correlation coefficients between treering widths and climatic data were calculated during biological years from October of the previous year to September of the current year In lower altitudes, where climate type is humid, spring and summer precipitation affect the growth of tree rings, but they are not statistically limiting factors. In higher altitudes, this effect is weaker As a result, we can conclude that the negative effects of the drought are still not clear on the Pinus nigra trees under humid and very humid climatic conditions and at the northern slopes in submediterranean mountainous regions in Turkey

WOODS OF THE OLD GALLEYS OF YENIKAPI, ISTANBUL

One of the largest medieval shipwreck excavations has been performed in Yenikapi since 2004 and resulted with 37 ships from Byzantine Period. Four of them (YK13, YK16, YK25, YK36) were galleys. Wood of thirteen different plant species was identified using anatomical identification of 619 wood pieces that were collected from the site. In building of planking Pinus nigra Arnold., Cedrus libani A.Rich., and Castanea sativa Mill were used. Platanus orientalis L. and Ulmus L. sp were preferred as floor timber. Keels were Platanus orientalis L. and Quercus L. sp., and treenails were Spartium junceum L. and Quercus sp. Because of wide distribution of these tree species within and northern of the Mediterranean Basin, and also having a common trade of wood of these tree species, the origin of the galleys could not be determined exactly

WOODS OF BYZANTINE TRADE SHIPS OF YENIKAPI (ISTANBUL) AND CHANGES IN WOOD USE FROM 6th TO 11th CENTURY

Archaeological excavations in Yenikapi revealed valuable information about the ship building techniques in Byzantine period. The purpose of this study is to perform wood identifications of the 27 trade ships of Yenikapi and to discuss and compare the wood use from 6th to 11th century. Using standard wood identification techniques, 3122 wood samples from 27 trade ships were identified. Wood identification revealed these important outcomes: Wood use changed from earlier time (5th - 6th) to later (7th - 9th and 10th - 11th). During 6th-8th centuries generally conifer woods were preferred. Later, during 9th - 11th broad-leaved trees (elm, oak, chestnut species) had been used. The reasons of this change may be (1) preferring more resistant woods, (2) obtaining of the wood material. Wood identification showed that the origin of the ships might be around of the Marmara Coasts and northern forests. Conifer trees in earlier ships might be from the planted areas by the Bosporus, and broad-leaved trees in later ships might be from the northern forests. Most of the ships have also very low number of different woods such as walnut, poplar and hornbeam. These woods may indicate some small repairs in the ships

SEQUOIOXYLON PETRIFIED WOODS FROM THE MID TO LATE OLIGOCENE OF THRACE (TURKEY)

Newly collected fossil woods from the mid to late Oligocene of Thrace (the European part of Turkey) were identified as Sequoioxylon Torrey, thereby extending the known range of this conifer genus in space and time

Sequoioxylon Petrified Woods from the Mid to Late Oligocene of Thrace (Turkey)

Newly collected fossil woods from the mid to late Oligocene of Thrace (the European part of Turkey) were identified as Sequoioxylon Torrey, thereby extending the known range of this conifer genus in space and time

IDENTIFICATION OF PLANT FIGURES ON STONE STATUES AND SARCOPHAGUSES AND THEIR SYMBOLS: THE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN PERIODS OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN BASIN IN THE ISTANBUL ARCHAEOLOGY MUSEUM

Throughout time, plants have been central to human life; plants have provided humans with food, wood, fuel, cosmetics, medicine, and humans have attributed symbolism to plants, including fertility, power, and purity. The Istanbul Archaeology Museum houses many stone statues and sarcophaguses featuring a variety of figures. Among other things, these figures depict fighting, richness, fertility, peace, gods, and plants. Plants are represented as whole trees, cones, leaves, fruits and flowers. These figures help us to understand both the cultural history of these plants and ancient human relationships with plants. The purpose of this study is to identify the genera and species of the plant figures on the stone statues, reliefs and sarcophaguses from the Hellenistic and Roman periods in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum and to discuss their historical importance. To this end, a list was created to record the inventory number, original location where the remains were found, and the age and historical time period of 47 Roman and Hellenistic statues and sarcophaguses. A total of 24 different types of plants were identified: acanthus leaves, apple, apricot, bay laurel, common grape wine, common fig, a whole eastern plane tree, eggplants, a globe of artichoke, oak leaves and fruits, olive, opium poppy, pear, a cone of umbrella pine, pine leaves and cones, pomegranate, quince, walnut, wheat, strawberry fruit, and date palm leaves, fruit, and stems

Changes in stem growth rates and root wood anatomy of oriental beech after a landslide event in Hanyeri, Bartm, Turkey

On 19 May 1998, a small-scale landslide occurred near Hanyeri, Bartin, in the western Black Sea region. The purpose of the study is to investigate the changes in stem growth rates and root wood anatomy of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky). According to results from 8 years before and after the event year, growth variation in the affected trees is significantly high. In the control trees, growth increases after the event year, and the growth variation is 116.22%; this value is 69.59% in the affected trees. However, the growth variation values for 11 years are 107.69% and 81.36% in control and affected trees, respectively. Root wood anatomy also revealed a clear response in affected trees after the event year, and ring width on one side of the root showed an abrupt increase