47 research outputs found

    Effect of Ti<sup>3+</sup> Ions and Conduction Band Electrons on Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Activity of Rutile Titania for Water Oxidation

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    Although TiO<sub>2</sub> is generally considered to be an oxygen deficient n-type compound, the role of oxygen vacancies and Ti<sup>3+</sup> ions on its photocatalytic activity is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of high-temperature calcination and H<sub>2</sub> reduction treatment on the water oxidation activity of rutile TiO<sub>2</sub> under ultraviolet irradiation. Calcination above 900 Ā°C decreased the photocatalytic activity of the TiO<sub>2</sub> owing to strong oxidation, but its initial activity was restored by H<sub>2</sub> treatment at above 500 Ā°C. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra showed that the high-temperature calcination created O<sup>ā€¢ā€“</sup> radicals (trapped hole in oxygen lattice site), while the H<sub>2</sub> reduction treatment created Ti<sup>3+</sup> ions (trapped electron in titanium lattice site) with oxygen vacancies. Diffuse reflectance ultravioletā€“visibleā€“near-infrared (UVā€“visā€“NIR) spectroscopy indicated an increase in the amount of electrons in shallow traps and the conduction band with H<sub>2</sub> treatment temperature. Measurements of the sheet resistance and space charge layer capacitance of the thermally oxidized TiO<sub>2</sub> films indicated that the H<sub>2</sub> treatment improved the electrical conductivity owing to an increase in donor density (electron density). Thus, the increase in the photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical activities of the rutile TiO<sub>2</sub> was attributed to donor doping by H<sub>2</sub> reduction

    Noble-Metal-Free NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> Storage over Ba-Modified TiO<sub>2</sub> Photocatalysts under UV-Light Irradiation at Low Temperatures

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    Photoassisted nitrogen oxide (NO<sub><i>x</i></sub>) storage was investigated over the barium-modified titanium dioxide (Ba/TiO<sub>2</sub>) photocatalysts under UV-light irradiation at a high concentration of nitrogen monoxide (NO) of 200 ppm and a high gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 50ā€Æ000 h<sup>ā€“1</sup>. The NO removal efficiency was kept >99% during the 1020 s interval from the start of the reaction over the Ba/TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst. The temperature-programed desorption (TPD) measurement and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique revealed that barium oxide (BaO) species functioned as a NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> storage material even at low temperatures, which result in improvement of the performance of the photoassisted NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> storage

    Time-courses of the plasma concentration, and bone, liver, kidney, and lung accumulation of <sup>111</sup>In-labeled BSA derivatives in mice after intravenous injection at a dose of 1 mg protein/kg.

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    <p>The total wet bone weight was estimated as 12% of the body weight, and the radioactivity in the bone was based on activity determined in tibiae and femurs extrapolated to whole wet bone as reported previously [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0135966#pone.0135966.ref022" target="_blank">22</a>].Results are expressed as the mean Ā± S.D. of three mice. ā—: BSA, ā—‹: BSA-ALN (3), ā–¼: BSA-ALN (28), ā–½: BSA-ALN (40).</p

    Time-courses of the plasma concentration, and bone, liver, kidney, and lung accumulation of <sup>111</sup>In-labeled GR derivatives in mice after intravenous injection at a dose of 1 mg protein/kg.

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    <p>The total wet bone weight was estimated as 12% of the body weight, and the radioactivity in the bone was based on activity determined in tibiae and femurs extrapolated to whole wet bone as reported previously [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0135966#pone.0135966.ref022" target="_blank">22</a>]. Results are expressed as the mean Ā± S.D. of three mice. ā—: GR, ā—‹: GR-ALN (4), ā–¼: GR-ALN (17).</p

    Physicochemical characteristics of ALN-modified proteins.

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    <p><sup>a)</sup> The alendronate (ALN) content was determined by the molybdenum method using ALN as a standard. The number of ALN residues was calculated using the molar ratio of ALN residues attached to the protein.</p><p><sup>b)</sup>The number of PEG was estimated by the number of unreacted free amino groups, which was determined by the trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid method.</p><p><sup>c)</sup> The molecular weight of each protein derivative was estimated by considering of the number of ALN residues and PEG modifications.</p><p>N.D.; not determined</p><p>Physicochemical characteristics of ALN-modified proteins.</p

    Physicochemical characteristics of ALN-modified proteins.

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    <p><sup>a)</sup> The alendronate (ALN) content was determined by the molybdenum method using ALN as a standard. The number of ALN residues was calculated using the molar ratio of ALN residues attached to the protein.</p><p><sup>b)</sup>The number of PEG was estimated by the number of unreacted free amino groups, which was determined by the trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid method.</p><p><sup>c)</sup> The molecular weight of each protein derivative was estimated by considering of the number of ALN residues and PEG modifications.</p><p>N.D.; not determined</p><p>Physicochemical characteristics of ALN-modified proteins.</p

    Craniocaudal maximum intensity projections of reconstructed magnetic resonance angiography.

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    <p>(A) SoS image and sample images from a visual rating of (B) 1 (Ī± = 1.0 Ɨ 10<sup>āˆ’4</sup>, Ī² = 3.2 Ɨ 10<sup>āˆ’3</sup>), (C) 2 (Ī± = 1.0 Ɨ 10<sup>āˆ’7</sup>, Ī² = 1.0 Ɨ 10<sup>āˆ’6</sup>), (D) 3 (Ī± = 3.2 Ɨ 10<sup>āˆ’5</sup>, Ī² = 1.0 Ɨ 10<sup>āˆ’4</sup>), (E) 4 (Ī± = 1.0 Ɨ 10<sup>āˆ’6</sup>, Ī² = 1.0 Ɨ 10<sup>āˆ’5</sup>) and (F) 5 (Ī± = 3.2 Ɨ 10<sup>āˆ’5</sup>, Ī² = 3.2 Ɨ 10<sup>āˆ’5</sup>).</p

    AUC and clearance of <sup>111</sup>In-labeled ALN-modified proteins in mice after intravenous injection of 1 mg protein/kg.

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    <p>AUC and clearance of <sup>111</sup>In-labeled ALN-modified proteins in mice after intravenous injection of 1 mg protein/kg.</p

    Permeation of sumatriptan succinate across human skin using multiple types of self-dissolving microneedle arrays fabricated from sodium hyaluronate

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    <p>Available formulations of sumatriptan succinate (SS) have low bioavailability or are associated with site reactions. We developed various types of self-dissolving microneedle arrays (MNs) fabricated from sodium hyaluronate as a new delivery system for SS and evaluated their skin permeation and irritation in terms of clinical application. <i>In vitro</i> permeation studies with human skin, physicochemical properties (needle length, thickness and density), and penetration enhancers (glycerin, sodium dodecyl sulfate and lauric acid diethanolamide) were investigated. SS-loaded high-density MNs of 800ā€‰Āµm in length were the optimal formulation and met clinical therapeutic requirements. Penetration enhancers did not significantly affect permeation of SS from MNs. Optical coherence tomography images demonstrated that SS-loaded high-density MNs (800ā€‰Āµm) uniformly created drug permeation pathways for the delivery of SS into the skin. SS-loaded high-density MNs induced moderate primary skin irritations in rats, but the skin recovered within 72ā€‰h of removal of the MNs. These findings suggest that high-density MNs of 800ā€‰Āµm in length are an effective and promising formulation for transdermal delivery of SS. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SS permeation across human skin using self-dissolving MNs.</p

    Effect of the number of ALN residues on bone accumulation of <sup>111</sup>In-labeled ALN-modified proteins.

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    <p><sup>111</sup>In-labeled ALN-modified proteins were intravenously administered into mice at a dose of 1 mg protein/kg. The total wet bone weight was estimated as 12% of the body weight, and the radioactivity in the bone was based on activity determined in tibiae and femurs extrapolated to whole wet bone as reported previously [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0135966#pone.0135966.ref022" target="_blank">22</a>]. Results are expressed as the mean Ā± S.D. of three mice. ā—: GR-ALN, ā–²: BSA-ALN, ā–”: SOD-ALN, ā—‹: LZM-ALN, ā–³: PEG-SOD-ALN.</p
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