ゾウエンガクブヤ オヨビ コウガクブヤ ノ ケイカンガイネン ノ ヘンセン

景観法の公布(2004年)により「景観」は法律用語になったが,明確な定義はなされていない。景観は様々な分野で使用されているが,「景観」の語の導入経緯と用法は異なっている。本報では景観用語と概念の変遷について,造園学および工学分野における場合を辿ってみた。本考で得られた結論は,次の3点にまとめられる。(1) 造園学および工学における景観概念は,「景観」を計画,創出,管理していこうという立場からのものであり,実務的で行政との関係が深い。いずれも景観概念は環境と景観を結びつけた,いわば「環境の総合的なながめ」とされている。(2) 両分野における景観概念や技術は,法制度に組み込まれた風致・美観を実現するための理論からスタートした。景観は,自然景観と文化景観に大別されるが,造園学ではより自然の視点に,一方工学では文化(人工)の視点に比重をおいたアプローチが多い。(3) 両分野での景観概念は,視覚的環境が中心となっており,外観が重要視されている。「環境全体の良好な姿」を構築する方向での景観概念の展開がまたれる。Although the word keikan (landscape) entered the legal lexicon when the Japanese Landscape Law was passed in 2004, the term has not been given a clear definition. The term has been used in a wide range of fields, but the process of introducing the word and its usage have varied depending on the field. This paper traces the changing use and concept of the term keikan in the fields of landscape architecture and engineering.The following three points summarize the conclusions of this study : 1. The concept of "landscape" in landscape architecture and engineering fields is based on the perspective that landscapes are meant to be planned, created, and controlled, which takes into account many practical considerations as well as a strong relationship with public policies. Both fields view the concept as linking the environment with keikan, that is to say, it provides "a comprehensive view of the environment."2. The concept and technology of landscape in both fields originate in theories of the pursuit of aesthetics in the practice of landscaping, which are embodied in legal systems. Landscape is roughly classified into two types : natural landscape and cultural landscape. While the field of landscape architecture tends to view landscape from the perspective of nature, engineering tends to take an approach focusing on culture (the man-made).3. The concept of landscape in both fields emphasizes physical appearance, where the visual environment plays a key role. It is expected that both fields will further develop the concept of landscape following the notion of building "a whole environment in good condition.

チリガクケイブンヤ ニ オケル ケイカンガイネン ノ ヘンセン

2004年には景観法が公布・施行され「景観」は法律用語になった。しかしそれ以前から,「景観」は様々な分野で使用された。それら異なった分野では,「景観」の語は導入の経緯や使い方も異なっている。本研究は景観用語と概念の変遷を専門分野別にたどり,明らかにしようとするもので,本報では特に地理学系分野について考察した。本稿で得られた結論は,次の3点にまとめられる。(1) 地理学系の景観概念は,ドイツLandschaft論の影響を強く受け展開されるが,ドイツでも概念規定が不明確で,地理学の本質論に関係する問題でもあるため,日本でも激しい議論がなされてきた。(2) 景観概念は「地域」か「風景」か,という問題で常に議論されてきた。景観概念の不明確さは,ドイツのLandschaftが地域と風景という,別のルーツを持つ2つの意味を持つ言葉であったことに由来する。また,類義語であるLandscapeや風景には地域の意味が存在しない点が大きい。(3) 近年は,自然地理学では,生態学と結びついた「地域」の研究,また人文地理学は,英語圏のLandscapeの解釈から「風景」といった人間を主体としたイメージや認識論からのアプローチによる概念研究がなされている。With the enactment of the Japanese Landscape Law in 2004, keikan ("landscape") became a legal term. However, before then the term had been used in many fields in different ways. Developing different processes of introduction and usage of the word, each field has its own concept of landscape. This study traces different transitions of the concept by field, and clarifies their differences with particular focus on the field of geography. (1) The concept of landscape in Japanese geography developed under strong influence of the German concept, Landshaft. This concept, however, is ambiguous even in Germany. Since it concerns the essence of geography, its significance has been under heated debate in Japan. (2) The focus of the debate has always been whether keikan should be understood as "geographical area" or "scenery." This confusion stems from the fact that the German Landshaft has this double meaning. Another element that contributes to this confusion is that the English concept of landscape or the Japanese concept of fukei does not have the meaning, "geographical area." (3) In recent years, in natural geography, areas have been studied in conjunction with ecology. In human geography, on the other hand, the images of scenery have been studied from human points of view, and the concepts of scenery from epistemological points of view, under the influence of the American interpretations of landscape

Comparison of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen Expression in Odontogenic Keratocyst and Ameloblastoma: An Immunohistochemical Study

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a nuclear protein synthesized in the late G1 and S phase of the cell cycle, and immunohistochemical detection of the protein represents a useful marker for the proliferating fraction of cells in tissue specimens. PCNA expression was studied in odontogenic keratocysts (n = 15) and ameloblastomas (n = 46) using an avidin–biotin–peroxidase complex method on routinely processed paraffin sections. The percentage of PCNA-positive cells determined by point counting was significantly lower in the ameloblastomas (mean 9.4%, standard deviation (SD) 11.0) than in odontogenic keratocysts (mean 29.9%, SD 24.0). In ameloblastomas, the mean percentage of PCNA-positive cells was lowest in the acanthomatous pattern and highest in plexiform pattern. The mean percentage of PCNA-positive cells in plexiform pattern was non-significantly higher than that in follicular pattern. The mean percentage of PCNA-positive cells in plexiform and follicular patterns was significantly higher than that in cyctic and acanthomatous patterns. The frequency of PCNA-positive cells was significantly higher in the peripheral cells of follicular and plexiform patterns than in the central cells of both patterns (p < 0.01). Therefore, peripheral cells were regarded as reserve cell of central cells. The mean percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the epithelial lining of odontogenic keratocyst was not significantly different from those in the peripheral cells of follicular and plexiform patterns of ameloblastoma. In contrast, the odontogenic keratocyst exhibited a mean percentage of PCNA-positive cells which was statistically higher than that in other histological elements of ameloblastomas. The present study suggests that odontogenic keratocyst is regarded as benign odontogenic tumour

An FD-LC-MS/MS Proteomic Strategy for Revealing Cellular Protein Networks: A Conditional Superoxide Dismutase 1 Knockout Cells

<div><p>Systems biology aims to understand biological phenomena in terms of complex biological and molecular interactions, and thus proteomics plays an important role in elucidating protein networks. However, many proteomic methods have suffered from their high variability, resulting in only showing altered protein names. Here, we propose a strategy for elucidating cellular protein networks based on an FD-LC-MS/MS proteomic method. The strategy permits reproducible relative quantitation of differences in protein levels between different cell populations and allows for integration of the data with those obtained through other methods. We demonstrate the validity of the approach through a comparison of differential protein expression in normal and conditional superoxide dismutase 1 gene knockout cells and believe that beginning with an FD-LC-MS/MS proteomic approach will enable researchers to elucidate protein networks more easily and comprehensively.</p> </div

Simplified scheme for the proposed strategy.

<p>Using the method, protein expression changes caused by a particular stimulus are quantified. The resulting data are integrated with other data and a diagram of predicted protein networks is constructed.</p