The jurisprudence of product liability in Nigeria: a need to complement the existing fault theory

This article argues for the adoption of strict liability principle as an additional theoretical basis of liability, to complement the existing fault theory on product liability claims in Nigeria. The fault theory, which currently is the only theoretical basis of liability, unduly burdens claimants. The reason for this is that such claimants are expected to establish fault despite the lack of insight into the complex processes of production. While establishing fault in cases of manufacturing defect may seem less onerous, it is an uphill task when it concerns design or warning defects. Bearing in mind that a principal rationale of tort law is to ensure that prejudiced parties are compensated for losses suffered, this article explains why it is necessary to assess and review applicable principle of liability in Nigeria to ensure that it is in line with the demands of justice, which should be in conformity with the peculiar circumstances of its operating environment.Keywords: torts, strict liability, fault, product, consume

Evaluation of Pattern of Pet Animal Trauma at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria

The record of 114 small animal trauma cases seen at the Surgery Unit of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Ibadan between 2008 and 2012 were studied to evaluate the pattern of trauma with reference to species, sex, age groups, causes of trauma, regional involvement, severity including fatalities, in order to develop a data base for the establishment of protocols for trauma patient care. Trauma cases ranked first and accounted for 46.3%of all small animal surgical cases presented during the period. Species involvement markedly favoured the canine species. Incidence of trauma was significantly higher (p<0.05) in males (60.5%) and younger (<3years/70.1%) than in females (39·5%) and older (>3years/29.9%)) dogs respectively. Automobile accidents were the most frequent cause of trauma (78.0%), and had the wndest regional involvemenl while the extremities (41.2%) was the most frequently injured area. Majority of the trauma cases reported tended to be moderate to severe in the scale of severity rating. Information on details of trauma care, intensive management and outcomes were poorly documented. The study revealed trauma to be a leading cause for dogs to present as an emergency to the VTH and he~ce the need for appropriate trauma patient care system.KEY WORDS: Pet animal, Trauma, Pattern, Veterinary Teaching Ilospital, Ibadan

Enterologic and Gynaecologic Complications of Ovariohysterectomy in the Bitch

The enterologic and gynaecologic associated complications post ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in bitches were evaluated. Medical records of 53bitches with mean body weight of 15.2kg presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Ibadan between 1990-2010 were reviewed. Enterologic complications after OVH were observed in 11 (20.7%) of the cases studied. These include: Chronic vomiting 9 (81.8%), weight loss 9 (81.8%), anorexia, 8 (72.7%), diarrhea, 6 (54.5%) and pyrexia,5(54.5%). Nine of the 11 dogs (81.8%) had extensive intestinal and uterine stump adhension. Gynaecologic complications 0bserve in 23 (43.3%) of the 53 bitches included vulva discharge 21(91.3%), incomplete extirpation of the ovaries 14(60.8%), recurrent estrus 9(39.1%), pseudopregnacy 8(34.7%), inflammation of the uterine cervical tissueand stump 4(17.4%) and non-resorbable ligature 3(13.0%).The study shows that enterologic and gynaecologic complications occur following OVH in bitches and strongly advice that bitches with  gastrointestinal symptoms following OVH should be suspected ofintestinal adhesions and incarcerations.Key words: enterologic, gynaecologic, complications, ovariohysterectomy, bitches

Failure of experimental acute intra-gastric gas and fluid accumulation to produce gastric dilatation-volvulus in unanaesthetized dogs

The stomachs of 6 mongrel dogs were cannulated with a simple assemblage of cannula and sphygmomanometer for direct and rapid administration of gas and combination of gas and fluid, respectively, to investigate the role of intra-gastric accumulation of gas and fluid in the stomach in development of acute gastric dilatation-volvulus in the animals. In all the experiments, the stomach of each dog was fully distended at a consistent intra-gastric pressure of 31.73 ± 0.43 mmHg. The meanintra-gastric pressure of the empty stomach in fasted unanaesthetized animals was 4.17 ± 0.63 mmHg, while in animals that received 500 ml of water, the mean intra-gastric pressure was 14.2 ± 2.4 mmHg. The animals successfully evacuated the distended stomach at the peak of the intra-gastric pressure by eructation and/or vomition in 1.31 ± 0.43 min. There were no clinical and radiological evidence of the classical acute gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in any of the animals. The experiments failed to show that rapid accumulation of gas and fluid in the stomach primarily caused the condition in the clinically normal animals. There was apparent intra-gastric pressure threshold at which the cardiac orifice of the stomach of the animals opened for evacuation. The assemblage was functionally efficient for direct and rapid administration of gas and fluid into the stomach and simultaneous measurement of intra-gastric pressure in unanaesthetized dogs

Rectal Prolapse in An Emu (Dromaius Novaehollandiae): A Case Report

Nigerian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 32(3): 2011; 249 - 25

Antimicrobial efficacy and tissue reaction of Euphorbia hirta ethanolic extract oncanine wounds

Antimicrobial efficacy and tissue reaction of crude ethanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta was investigated in canine infected incised wounds. The gross appearance and histopathological reactions of the lesions were evaluated at 72 h after treatment. The results showed that crude ethanolic extract of E. hirta neither promoted the growth of Staphylococcus aureus nor provoked tissue reaction in canine wounds. It was concluded that infected wound would benefit from treatment with ethanolic extract of E. hirta and its use in surgical site preparation is thus recommended.Key words: Antimicrobial, efficacy, tissue reaction, Euphorbia hirta, canine wounds

Load Survey and Maximum Power Demand of Transformers in Power System Network in Ondo State, Ondo West as a Case Studies

There are number of matrices used to capture the variability of loads, some of them are mainly used in reference to a single end-user and some of them are mainly used in reference to a substation transformer or a specific factor. This paper will examine data like load density, demand factor, load factor, minimum load demand. The paper will critically look into the number of transformer substation under any of the functioning injection substation. Using the above data, the criteria for the stability of the electricity in the area could be carried out. The paper will reveal, the load density, ranges from 0.0003kvA/m2 to 0.0329kvA/m2. The load factor ranges from 58.1% to 91.9% and the demand factor that ranges from 1.1% to 4.0%. Keywords: Load density, Load factor, and Demand factor, Injection Substation, Transformer Substation and Stability

Clinical biochemistry as a prognostic tool in the management of the critically-ill patient

No Abstrac

Aflatoxin status of some commercial dry dog foods in Ibadan, Nigeria

The occurrence of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in commercial dry dog foods in the city of Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria, was investigated. Dry dog food samples from 6 producers were purchased on five different occasions from retail outlets in Ibadan, Nigeria. High performance liquid chromatography was used for separation and quantification of aflatoxin fractions, after consideration of the limits of detection and quantification of the method. Results indicate that aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 were detected in all the samples investigated, with B1 being the most abundant. The range of concentration of total aflatoxins was 7.76 to 11.93 ìg/kg (mean: 9.61 ìg/kg). The results show that dry dog foods marketed in Ibadan are frequently contaminated with aflatoxins, exposing dogs to adverse effects of aflatoxicosis. Scientifically based regulations for the acceptable limit of mycotoxins in pet foods in the country would be beneficial.Key words: Aflatoxins, dog, contamination, Nigeria, toxicity

Evaluation of Post-Operative Antibiotic Administration on Phenotypic Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance Profiles of Gram-negative Bacterial Flora of Healthy Local Experimental Dogs Undergoing Partial Gastrectomy

Reliable data that can serve as platform for policy formulation on the use of antimicrobial drugs are compulsory for every country. But baseline data to judge effects of long-term post-operative antibiotic administration in clinical and surgical canine health conditions are currently lacking in Nigeria. This study aimed at providing vital baseline antibiotic profiles of canine bacteria of veterinary and public health importance. Phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility and resistance profiles of some easily recoverable Gram-negative bacterial species of canine origin were determined towards the most commonly prescribed and administered antibiotics in  veterinary practices, using agar disk- and modified agar well-diffusion methods. Overall resistance of the bacteria against antibiotics (discs) were- tetracycline(25.0-57.1%), cotrimoxazole (80.0-100%), nitrofurantoin (20.0-100%), nalidixic acid (0.91-60.0%), gentamicin (18.2-70.0%), ofloxacillin (20.0-42.9%) and augmentin / amoxicillin (100%), except among Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis (60.0-100), with percentage multiple antibiotic resistance (%MAR) of 25.0 - 100%. Overall percentage resistance rates towards antibiotic drugs were- amoxicillin (9.1-100%); oritaxim / oxytetracycline (20.0-100%) and nitaxim (30.0-100%), with %MAR mostly between 50.0 and 100%. Twenty eight antibiotic resistance profiles  mere exhibited against antibiotic (discs), commonest profiles being – augmentinamoxicillin- cotrimoxazole; augmentin-tetracycline-amoxicillin-cotrimoxazole-nitrofurantoin- nalidixic acid-gentamicin-ofloxacillin; augmentin-tetracycline-amoxicillin-cotrimoxazole and augmentin-amoxicillin-cotrimoxazole-nitrofurantoin. Twelve antibiotic resistance profiles were exhibited against the antibiotic drugs, with most-resisted / commonest profile being – oritaxim-nitaxim. These were also the most-resisted nitaxim (47.3%) and oritaxim (52.7%) antibiotic drugs. Only 29.1% of the Gram-negative bacteria were totally susceptible to the four antibiotic drugs, while a total of 70.9%, including  mono-resistance (21.8%) and multiresistance (49.1%), were recorded. This preliminary baseline report indicated significant phenotypic antibiotic resistance among easily-recoverable, indigenous Gram-negative bacterial species of canine origin, which is of veterinary and human public health significance, and indicative of therapeutic treatment failure.Keywords: antibiotic resistance, dogs, veterinary public health, veterinary surger