ISEC2005-76152 PRODUCTION OF SOLAR HYBRID FUELS OF DME, METHANOL AND H 2 IN AUSTRALIA AND SHIPPING TO JAPAN

ABSTRACT Solar hybrid fuel production from natural gas using concentrated solar thermal energy in Australia was studied, assuming that 54.6MW/(one unit of solar farm) of the concentrated solar thermal energy is used for the endothermic process of stream reforming (solar steam reforming; SSR) with total solar energy conversion efficiency of 45.5% (120MW of heliostat field; one unit of solar farm). With 23 units of the solar farm, natural gas of 2516t/d can be reformed by the SSR. To ship the product fuel to Japan by existing tankers, the syngas (CO + 3H 2 ) produced by the SSR is separated into one mole of H 2 (375t/d) and the mixed gas of one mole of CO and two moles of H 2 which is converted to one mole of methanol (6000t/d) to be shipped by existing tankers. The one mole of H 2 will be used in Australia as the H 2 fuel with 25% solar share (CO 2 reduction). To improve cost barrier between oil and the methanol produced by SSR, the CO 2 zero emission process of the combined process of SSR and AT (auto-thermal process) is proposed as the one whose methanol cost can be competitive with oil, when carbon tax is introduced. By shipping the methanol produced by the CO 2 zero emission process of the combined process of SSR-AT (economically feasible), we can reduce CO 2 emission by co-firing coal and methanol at coalfiring power stations in Japan. In this system, an excess H 2 fuel with solar energy is produced, and can be used in Australia. INTRODUCTION The endothermic reactions of methane steam reforming and coal gasification can absorb concentrated solar thermal energy. With this process, the fossil fuel of natural gas and coal can be up-graded to the syn-gases, which bear 20-25% of the solar energy (solar hybrid fuel). This means that we can produce 100% fuel energy using 20-25% of the solar energy, and that we can reduce the solar facility cost by four to five times to produce 100% fuel energy. Thus the solar hybrid fuel production system (solar steam reforming; SSR, solar coal gasification; SCG) is expected to be commercialized when operated at the sun-bel

A Theoretical Study on a Reaction of Iron(III) Hydroxide with Boron Trichloride by Ab Initio Calculation

We investigate a reaction of boron trichloride (BCl3) with iron(III) hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) by ab initio quantum chemical calculation as a simple model for a reaction of iron impurities in BCl3 gas. We also examine a reaction with water. We find that compounds such as Fe(Cl)(OBCl2)2(OHBCl2) and Fe(Cl)2(OBCl2)(OHBCl2) are formed while producing HCl and reaction paths to them are revealed. We also analyze the stabilization mechanism of these paths using newly-developed interaction energy density derived from electronic stress tensor in the framework of the Regional DFT (Density Functional Theory) and Rigged QED (Quantum ElectroDynamics).Comment: 21 pages, 12 figure

Mammutprojekt Verkehrswende und aktuelle verkehrspolitische Fragen

Der Verkehrssektor muss seinen Beitrag zum Klimaschutz leisten. So wichtig der Umstieg auf elektrische Antriebe auf der Basis Erneuerbarer Energien auch ist: es geht nicht ohne einen Wandel des Verkehrsverhaltens und eine weitgehende Veränderung des Rechtsrahmens. Danach sieht es derzeit nicht aus, daher ist es nötig, die überfälligen Veränderungen probeweise und örtlich sowie zeitlich begrenzt zu versuchen

Maxillary stability after le Fort i osteotomy using three different plate systems

The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative changes in maxillary stability after Le Fort I osteotomy in three groups: with an unsintered hydroxyapatite (u-HA)/poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) plate; a PLLA plate; and a titanium plate. Subjects comprised 60 Japanese patients diagnosed with mandibular prognathism. All patients underwent Le Fort I osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy. All patients were randomized in groups of 20 to a u-HA/PLLA group, a PLLA plate group and a titanium plate group. Changes in postoperative time intervals between the plate groups were compared using lateral and posteroanterior cephalography. The uHA/PLLA group had significantly larger values than the PLLA group regarding change of mx1-S perpendicular to SN between 3 and 12 months (T3) (P = 0.0269). The uHA/PLLA group had a significantly larger value than the PLLA group regarding change of S-A perpendicular to SN between baseline and 1 month (T1) (P = 0.0257). There was no significant difference in the other measurements. This study suggests that maxillary stability with satisfactory results could be obtained in the u-HA/PLLA, PLLA plate and titanium plate groups, although there was a slight difference between the u-HA/PLLA and PLLA plate systems in Le Fort I osteotomy. © 2012 International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons

Changes in temporomandibular joint and ramus after sagittal split ramus osteotomy in mandibular prognathism patients with and without asymmetry

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and ramus after sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) with and without Le Fort I osteotomy. The subjects consisted of 87 Japanese patients diagnosed with mandibular prognathism with and without asymmetry. They were divided into 2 groups (42 symmetric patients and 45 asymmetric patients). The TMJ disc tissue was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the TMJ space, condylar and ramus angle were assessed by computed tomography (CT) preoperatively and postoperatively. Medial joint space on the deviation side in the asymmetry group was significantly larger than that in the symmetry group (P = 0.0043), and coronal ramus angle on the non-deviation side in the asymmetry group was significantly larger than that in the symmetry group preoperatively (P = 0.0240). The horizontal condylar angle on the deviation side in the asymmetry group was significantly larger than that in the symmetry group (P = 0.0302), posterior joint space on the non-deviation side in the symmetry group was significantly larger than that in the asymmetry group postoperatively (P = 0.00391). The postoperative anterior joint space was significantly larger than the preoperative value on both sides in both groups (the deviation side in the symmetry group: P = 0.0016, the non-deviation side in the symmetry group: P < 0.0001, the deviation side in the asymmetry group: P = 0.0040, the non-deviation side in the asymmetry group: P = 0.0024). The preoperative disc position could was not changed in either group. These results suggest that significant expansion of anterior joint space could occur on the deviation side and non-deviation side in the asymmetry group as well as on both sides in the symmetry group, although disc position did not change in either group. © 2011 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery

A hypothesis on the desired postoperative position of the condyle in orthognathic surgery: a review

It is very important to clarify the relationship between a dentofacial structure and a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) structure in orthognathic surgery. Recently, it was reported that the skeletal and occlusal patterns were associated with the TMJ morphology, including the disk position. In orthognathic surgery, some surgeons state that alterations in the condylar position from surgery can lead to malocclusion associated with the risk of early relapse, and also favor the development of temporomandibular disorders. For these reasons, several positioning devices have been proposed and applied, but now there is no scientific evidence to support the use of condylar positioning devices. There are some reasons why scientific evidence cannot be obtained; however, it also includes the question of whether the preoperative position of the condyle is the desired postoperative position. The purpose of this study was to verify the desired condylar position in orthognathic surgery, based on literature on the postoperative condylar position in orthognathic surgery. From the studies reviewed, it was suggested that the preoperative position of the condyle was not the desired postoperative position in orthognathic surgery. © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Soft chromophore featured liquid porphyrins and their utilization toward liquid electret applications

Optoelectronically active viscous liquids are ideal for fabricating foldable/stretchable electronics owing to their excellent deformability and predictable π-unit-based optoelectronic functions, which are independent of the device shape and geometry. Here we show, unprecedented 'liquid electret' devices that exhibit mechanoelectrical and electroacoustic functions, as well as stretchability, have been prepared using solvent-free liquid porphyrins. The fluidic nature of the free-base alkylated-tetraphenylporphyrins was controlled by attaching flexible and bulky branched alkyl chains at different positions. Furthermore, a subtle porphyrin ring distortion that originated from the bulkiness of alkyl chains was observed. Its consequences on the electronic perturbation of the porphyrin-unit were precisely elucidated by spectroscopic techniques and theoretical modelling. This molecular design allows shielding of the porphyrin unit by insulating alkyl chains, which facilitates its corona-charged state for a long period under ambient conditions

Assessment of bone healing and hypoesthesia in the upper lip after Le Fort I osteotomy with self-setting α-tricalcium phosphate and absorbable plates

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate hypoesthesia of the upper lip and bone formation using self-setting α-tricalcium phosphate (Biopex ®) between the segments following Le Fort I osteotomy with bent absorbable plate fixation. Subjects and methods: The subjects were 47 patients (94 sides) who underwent Le Fort I osteotomy with and without mandibular osteotomy. They were divided into a Biopex ® group (48 sides) and a control group (46 sides). The Biopex ® was inserted into the anterior part of the gap between the segments in the Biopex ® group. Trigeminal nerve hypoesthesia at the region of the upper lip was assessed bilaterally by the trigeminal somatosensory-evoked potential (TSEP) method. The area of the Biopex ® at the anterior part in the maxilla was assessed immediately after surgery and 1 year postoperatively by computed tomography (CT). Results: The mean measurable period and standard deviation were 13.2 ± 18.5 weeks in the control group, 14.5 ± 17.9 weeks in the Biopex ® group, and there was no significant difference in TSEP. The area of the Biopex ® after 1 year was significantly smaller than that immediately after surgery (right side: P = 0.0024, left side: P = 0.0001) and bone defects between the segments could not be found in the Biopex ® group. In the control group, although the areas of bone defect after 1 year were significantly smaller than that immediately after surgery on the right side (P = 0.0133) and left side (P = 0.0469) in the frontal view, complete healing of the bone defects could be seen in 12 of 46 sides after 1 year. Conclusion: This study suggested that inserting Biopex ® in the gap between the maxillary segments was useful for new bone formation and it did not prevent the recovery of upper lip hypoesthesia after Le Fort I osteotomy with absorbable plate fixation. © 2012 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery

Maxillary stability after Le Fort I osteotomy with self-setting α-tricalcium phosphate and an absorbable plate

The purpose of this study was to compare retrospectively postoperative differences in maxillary stability after Le Fort I osteotomy and fixation with an unsintered hydroxyapatite (u-HA)/poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) plate with or without self-setting α-tricalcium phosphate (Biopex ®) as interpositional material. Subjects comprised 45 patients diagnosed with mandibular prognathism with maxillary retrognathism and mandibular prognathism with bimaxillary asymmetry. All patients underwent Le Fort I osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy with fixation by uHA/PLLA plates. Patients were divided into 4 groups consisting of 9 maxillary impaction cases with Biopex ® (group 1) to fill the gap between the bone segments, 14 maxillary advancement cases with Biopex ® (group 2), 8 maxillary impaction cases without Biopex ® (group 3) and 14 maxillary advancement cases without Biopex ® (group 4). Changes in cepahalometric parameters at time intervals (1, 3 and 12 months) between the groups were compared. Results showed that stability did not depend on the use or otherwise of Biopex ®. © 2012 International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons