Implementasi Permendagri Nomor 15 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pengarusutamaan Gender pada Jenjang Pendidikan Dasar di Kota Malang

Windra Rizkiyana1 & Wahyu Widodo21 Mahasiswa & 2Staf Pengajar Program Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Muhammadiyah MalangAlamat Korespondensi : Jl. Bandung No.1 MalangEmail: [email protected] education, still found a gender gap regarding both aspects of the expansion of educationalaccess and equity, quality and relevance of education and management. The purpose of this studywere: (1) describe the substance Permendagri No. 15 of 2008 on Gender Mainstreaming; (2) describethe implementation of Permendagri No. 15 of 2008 on Gender Mainstreaming in Elementary Educationin Malang; (3) Analyze the obstacles encountered in implementation Permendagri No. 15 of 2008 onGender Mainstreaming in Elementary Education in Malang. This type of research is a descriptiveanalysis, using a qualitative approach that is supported by a quantitative approach. And the techniquesof data acolllection through by interviews and the documents. Study sites are in Malang EducationDepartment. Analysis of the data used is descriptive analysis of qualitative and quantitative theorysupported by Gender Analysis Pathway (GAP), Content Analysis and Root Analysis. Implementationof Permendagri No 15 of 2008 about gender mainstreaming in basic education levels in Malang hasnot been optimal. These proved by the remains of gender inequality or gap that occurs in all threeaspects, that access and educational equity, quality and relevance of education, as well as accountabilityand governance. Constraints encountered in implementation Permendagri No. 15 of 2008 on gendermainstreaming in elementary education in Malang include: (a) Outreach activities that are specificallyabout the PUG in primary education has not been done; (b) The budget is not specifically formainstreaming activities; (c) newly formed working group PUG.Key word: Permendagri No. 15 of 2008, gender mainstreaming, basic educatio

Measurement of membrane stiffness using optical tweezers

<p>. A. Diagram of the displacement of the bead by the optical tweezers. A collagen-coated bead (2 μm in diameter) was attached to the cell membrane using optical tweezers and held in position for a short time. ‘Laser on’, the path of the bead forced by the laser; ‘laser off’, the path of the bead without laser force. Blue arrow, forced direction of the bead; arrow outlined in black, displacement of the bead. Colored forms, membrane proteins; red bars, structural proteins; hemispheres, beads; I, initial position of the bead; S, stopping position of the bead; B, tracing of the bead with the laser on or off; C, tracing of the displacement of the bead for 1000 ms.</p

Attachment of DiI-labeled influenza virus particles to cells at different phases of the cell cycle.

<p>A. H292 cells were transfected with pFucci-S/G2/M Green vector and cultured overnight. GFP expression was observed only in S/G2/M-phase. DiI-labeled virus particles were added to cultured cells and incubated for 15 min at 34°C. Unbound virus was washed off with PBS and the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and observed under a Nikon Ti E confocal microscope fitted with a 100× objective lens. The red particles are DiI-labeled viruses. The green colored cells express GFP. B. Cartoon of virus trapping and release on a cell using optical tweezers. Yellow triangle represents optical tweezers; red circle represents virus; light green colored teardrop shape represents the cell. C. Trapping potential was calculated under the indicated conditions. n, refractive index; NA, numerical aperture; T, absolute temperature; blue, red, and green lines represent laser power is at 100 mW, 30 mW, and 10 mW, respectively. D. The cells in the microchip were observed through the objective lens (×100). The DiI-labeled virus is trapped in the chamber of the microchip and transported to the apical membrane of a mitotic cell (arrow 1) but was unable to attach. The same particle was recaptured and then transported to the apical membrane of a G1-phase cell (arrow 2). E. Trace showing virus particle movement after transportation to a dividing (left) or resting (right) cell. White circle (red-cross) in the left panel represents the recaptured virus, whereas that in the right panel represents that the brownian motion of the virus particle on the cell membrane has stopped.</p

PB1 and PB2 mRNA in single-virus infected cells.

<p>Detection of PB1, PB2 mRNA in single virus infected cells by RT-PCR. Individual cells, either infected with DiI-labeled influenza virus using optical tweezers or uninfected (n = 5 for each cells, virus bound and unbound cells), were removed by suction at 6 hpi and assayed for mRNA of PB1 and PB2, and 18S rRNA. The numbers in parentheses indicate standard deviation from n = 5.</p

Comparison of membrane stiffness and lipid composition between cells in G1- and S/G2/M-phase.

<p>A. Diagram of the measurement of membrane stiffness using optical tweezers. A collagen-coated bead (2 μm in diameter) was attached to the cell membrane using optical tweezers and held in position for 30 sec. The trapped bead was then forced along the membrane using the optical tweezers. N, force applied; ΔD, the difference in the displacement of the bead between cells in G1- and S/G2/M-phase. B. Comparison of the membrane stiffness between cells in G1- and S/G2/M- phase. The signal generated by the movement of the particle was then calculated. C. Cells were sorted into G1- and S/G2/M-population. The lipids were extracted with chloroform:methanol, separated on a TLC plate, and visualized with orcinol. lanes 1 and 4, lipid standard marker; lane 2, G1-phase; lane 3, S/G2/M-phase.</p

Primers used for RT-PCR.

<p>The primers used for RT-PCR were synthesized by Takara (Shiga, Japan).</p

Summary of results.

<p>Lipid content was higher in cells in S/G2/M- phase than G1-phase; however, sialic acid content was higher in G1-phase cells.</p