Three Years of TIJFS: Observations, Current Practices and Future Perspective

The International Journal of Frontier Sciences just completed its three years of publication. Start of a journal is always challenging for editors especially if journal is not an official publication of some institute or professional society. However, completing three years also has been a very learning experience for editorial team. From the start, TIJFS team is focused to catch indexation in EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. However, starting years of the journal are always challenging. Journal editors are continuously improving practices to achieve these milestones at earliest. In scope, journal is transdisciplinary mainly covering life and environmental sciences. Starting from Pakistan, it was very difficult to run an Internationally covered journal, however, our International editorial team putting its continuous efforts to do this. In last year, journal started its indexing process and just became a part of WHO's Index Medicus. Also, editors started to generate digital object identifiers (DOIs) of all manuscripts published. Currently, journal is in process of indexation in prestigious International bodies including Web of Science etc. Journal editors hope to be a part of many International indices during the current volume year. Also, its worth to mention that journal is following ethical guidelines by Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, Committee of Publication Ethics, International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and World Association of Medical Editors. Current volume contains original articles, clinical audit and a report covering broad spectrum domains of life sciences especially medical science including topics of clinical chemistry, dentistry, gynaecology, neurosurgery, nutrition, pain medicine, public health, rehabilitation, sleep medicine, surgery and virology

The Effects of Pre-Alloyed Steels Powder Compositions on Build Quality in Direct Metal Laser Re-Melting

Mechanical Engineerin

Use of regional climate model simulations as input for hydrological models for the Hindukush-Karakorum-Himalaya region

The most important climatological inputs required for the calibration and validation of hydrological models are temperature and precipitation that can be derived from observational records or alternatively from regional climate models (RCMs). In this paper, meteorological station observations and results of the PRECIS (Providing REgional Climate for Impact Studies) RCM driven by the outputs of reanalysis ERA 40 data and HadAM3P general circulation model (GCM) results are used as input in the hydrological model. The objective is to investigate the effect of precipitation and temperature simulated with the PRECIS RCM nested in these two data sets on discharge simulated with the HBV model for three river basins in the Hindukush-Karakorum-Himalaya (HKH) region. Six HBV model experiments are designed: HBV-Met, HBV-ERA and HBV-Had, HBV-MetCRU-corrected, HBV-ERABenchmark and HBV-HadBenchmark where HBV is driven by meteorological stations data, data from PRECIS nested in ERA-40 and HadAM3P, meteorological stations CRU corrected data, ERA-40 reanalysis and HadAM3P GCM data, respectively. Present day PRECIS simulations possess strong capacity to simulate spatial patterns of present day climate characteristics. However, also some quantitative biases exist in the HKH region, where PRECIS RCM simulations underestimate temperature and overestimate precipitation with respect to CRU observations. The calibration and validation results of the HBV model experiments show that the performance of HBV-Met is better than the HBV models driven by other data sources. However, using input data series from sources different from the data used in the model calibration shows that HBV-Had is more efficient than other models and HBV-Met has the least absolute relative error with respect to all other models. The uncertainties are higher in least efficient models (i.e. HBV-MetCRU-corrected and HBV-ERABenchmark) where the model parameters are also unrealistic. In terms of both robustness and uncertainty ranges the HBV models calibrated with PRECIS output performed better than other calibrated models except for HBV-Met which has shown a higher robustness. This suggests that in data sparse regions such as the HKH region data from regional climate models may be used as input in hydrological models for climate scenarios studies

Causality, Input Price Variability, and Structural Changes in the U.S. Livestock- Meat Industry

Industrial Organization, Livestock Production/Industries,

Military Expenditures and Economic Growth in Pakistan

This paper explores the impacts of defence expenditures on economic growth and other major economic variables in the Pakistan economy over the period 1972-1995. The results of Granger-causality tests show that there is bi-directional feedback between the defence burden and GDP growth. We test four different single equation models that are widely used in the defence literature. In these frameworks we generally find the defence burden to be negatively related to GDP growth. Finally, we specify a three-equation model which explains GDP growth, average propensity to save, and the defence ratio. In single equation estimations of the savings ratio and the defence burden, we uncover some interesting relationships. The savings ratio is affected positively by the defence ratio, and negatively by the inflation rate. The Pakistani defence burden is impacted negatively by the Indian defence burden and positively by the government budget. When all three equations are estimated as a system to account for feedback and covariance between these equations, these effects are diminished and go down in statistical significance.