Different Approaches For Protein Engineering In Industrial Biotechnology

Protein engineering is the novel field which has wide applications from pharmaceutics, industry, commercial, laundry and research. It may apply rational design or non rational design or both. Site directed mutagenesis is a classical approach involving the protein folding principles and as such different techniques involving multidisciplinary research and broad knowledge is required involving biocomputing of complex data obtained from various sequencing projects and prediction of the future protein structure either chemically or genetically modified. Non rational mutagenesis or directed evolution involves random mutations in the gene encoding protein or shuffling the genes encoding different domains producing a random set of numerous large libraries of mutant proteins, using advanced technology the desired protein can be selected but the exact structure or changes may remain unnoticed

Molecular Bio-imprinting of Biocatalysts

Energy conservation is the cry of the day. Attempts are made all over the world to occupy and use energy reserves. Increased industrialization and mechanization has led to the depletion of natural energy reserves. Its unavoidable to search for renewable sources of energy, which may be not used now but can be used by future generations. We are using the expertise of our ancestors. Thus exploiting the nature and newer techniques in this area would yield the best results. Bio-imprinting is one of those techniques whereby chemical modification is done in order to achieve highly expressed protein which can be stored in its highly active form in the specific solvent

3-Methyl­thio­benzamide

In the title compound, C8H9NS, the dihedral angle between the aromatic ring and the thio­amide fragment is 36.0 (2)°. There are π-stacking inter­actions between coplanar aryl fragments, with a centroid–centroid separation of 3.658 (2) Å. In addition, there are inter­molecular hydrogen bonds between the amino group and the S atoms

Causality, Input Price Variability, and Structural Changes in the U.S. Livestock- Meat Industry

Industrial Organization, Livestock Production/Industries,

Enhancement of Human Cheek Skin Texture by Acacia Nilotica Bark Extract Cream

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of a topical application of a cream formulation containing extract of Acacia nilotica bark extract on human cheek skin texture.Methods: A cream containing 3 % concentrated extract of Acacia nilotica bark was developed by entrapping the extract in the internal aqueous phase of the cream having strong antioxidant activity. A similar cream but without the extract was also prepared. Each of the formulations was applied to the cheeks of 11 human volunteers for a period of three months. Both cream formulations were assessed, using Visioscan VC 98, for various parameters including texture parameters (energy, contrast and variance) as well as for skin roughness (Ser), skin scaliness (SEsc), skin smoothness (SEsm) and skin wrinkles (Sew).Results: Unlike the cream base, the extract cream exhibited steady, significant improvement in skin parameters over the 3-month period of application. Images showed visible improvement of the overall skin appearance and reduction of fine lines by the extract cream. Furthermore, skin texture (variance and contrast) and SELS (SEr, SEsc, SEsm and SEw) parameters showed significant decline (p < 0.05) and the texture parameter of energy showed significant increase (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the cream containing 3 % Acacia nilotica bark extract possesses anti-aging effect and improves skin surface appearance..Keywords: Acacia nilotica, Cream, Visioscan VC 98, Skin texture, Anti-agin

Increased regeneration efficiency of _Brassica napus_ L. cultivars Star, Westar and Cyclone from hypocotyle and cotyledonary explants

The comparative organogenesis of _Brassica napus_ L cultivars Cyclone, Star and Westar was studied. The cotyledonary explants gave a higher response to all the combinations of 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and BAP (0.5, 1.0,1.5 and 2.0 mg/L} used for optimizing the conditions for callus induction. The best mean weight and mean length of callus was obtained at 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5mg/L BAP for Star cotyledonary explants. For the complete plant regeneration the new method of exposing the explants culture to Growth regulator free medium was performed. The method was applicable to both hypocotyl and cotyledonary explants. The Shoot Induction Frequency for hypocotyl (6-34%) in the three cultivars is higher than the cotyledonary explants (3-23%). The method is speedy and almost all of the shoots and some unshooted calli (78%) form roots on the same media without prior transfer to rooting medium

Performance Management System of “The City School Bahawalpur”

The purpose of this research is to explore the various factors related to performance management system used by the school for teaching and non-teaching staff. This is an exploratory research where data has been collected from The City School of Bahawalpur. Questionnaires and semi structured face to face interviews had been conducted to collect the data. This study in quantitative in nature and percentage analysis was used to interpret the collected data. It is concluded that the majority of teachers in school are satisfied with the current performance management system. They are getting the benefits in the form of their personal and professional development. It is suggested that the problems faced by the new teachers should be overcome by proper orientation programs. They should get a chance to observe other branches of schools so that they can learn from them in every possible way. This study can play a vital role by successfully implementing performance management system. The results could be in the form of maximum output by employees, high level of employee motivation, job engagement and fully satisfied employees. Keywords: Performance Management System, Human Resource Management, Teachers, Performance Evaluation

Meisenheimer complexes: some structural, equilibrium and kinetic studies

Structural and equilibrium studies of Meisenheimer complexes formed from activated anisoles and from l-X-3,5-dinitrobenzenes have been carried out. Specific effects of cations on the stabilities of such a complexes were observed and an explanation has been put forward. The results of (^1)H n.m.r. and visible spectroscopy for the interaction of l-chloro-2,6.dinitro-4-X-benzenes (X = Cl, CO(+2)Me, CF(_3)) with sodium methoxide in dimethyl sulphoxide solutions show that initially base addition takes place at an unsubstituted aromatic carbon, forming a O-complex. However the faster addition of base at the unsubstituted ring position is followed by nucleophilic replacement of chloride ion forming the corresponding anisole. Visible spectroscopy was used for the equilibrium and kinetic study of a-complex formation from activated anisoles and methoxide ion in methanol. The values of stoichiometric equilibrium constants so obtained show an increase with base concentration when sodium, potassium or tetra-n-butyl-ammonium methoxide is used as the base, while no such increase is observed with lithium methoxide. It is suggested that the observed increase in stoichiometric equilibrium constants is due to the stabilisation of the complexes by association with the cations present. As a result of this observation it seems more appropriate to use lithium methoxide for the measurements of thermodynamic equilibrium constants. The specific effects of cations are also observed with bivalent barium and calcium ions, in whose presence large increases in the stoichiometric equilibrium constants for methoxide addition to 2_methoxycarbonyl_4, 6_dinitroanisole, 4-methoxycarbonyl-2, 6-dinitroanisole and 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroanisole are found. This effect, attributed to cation association with the Meisenheimer complexes, is demonstrated in the case of the methoxide σ-complex from 2,4,6-trinitro-anisole, by change in visible spectrum in the presence of various cations. However the σ-complex formed from 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene and methoxide ions shows little tendency to form ion associates with cations. It is therefore suggested that when ion pairs are formed the cation is held by a cage effect by the two oxygen atoms of the methoxyl group at the position of addition and by the electronegative substituent at the ortho-position. Structural and equilibrium studies for the formation of Meisenheimer complexes from some l-X-3,5-dinitrobenzenes and methoxide ions were also made. (^1)H n.m.r. results in conjunction with visible spectroscopy indicateinitial addition of base at an aromatic carbon para to the substituents X, however rearrangement occurs so that at equilibrium the isomeric adduct formed from addition of base at a ring carbon para to a nitro-group usually dominates. The measurements of indicator ratios in methanol-dimethyl sulphoxide mixture containing (~10(^-1) sodium methoxide allowed the simultaneous determination of the acidity function and the thermodynamic equilibrium constants, K, for complex formation. Similar measurements of indicator ratios with the less reactive anisoles in methanol-dimethyl sulphoxide mixtures lead to the determination of an alternative J(_M) acidity function and the thermodynamic equilibrium constants for the complex formation from anisoles and methoxide ions. The two scales as well as the stability constants of the adducts formed from l-X-3,5-dinitrobenzenes and similarly activated anisoles are compared