Thyroglobulin, CEA, CerbB-2, p53 secretion in thyroid papillary carcinoma, their prognostic significance and relationships with other prognostic factors

Endokrin neoplazmlar arasında tiroidin malign epitelyal neoplazmları ve bunlar içinde de tiroid papiller karsinomları sık görülür. Klasik papiller karsinomda yaşam süresi uzun, nüks azdır. Bazı tiroid papiller karsinomlu olgularda ise nispeten daha erken nüks görülür. Agresif davranış gösteren bu olgularda kısa bir zaman periyodunda ölüm meydana gelebilir. Tiroid papiller karsinomlu hastalarda yetersiz ya da gereksiz agresif tedavilerin önlenmesi, agresif davranış gösterebilecek olguların belirlenmesi ve seçici bir yaklaşım şansı tanımak için prognostik faktörlerin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla yaptığımız çalışmamızda 39 tiroid papiller karsinom olgusuna immünohistokimyasal olarak tiroglobülin, CEA, CerbB-2 ve p53 markırları uygulandı. Bu markırların pozitiflik oranları belirlendi. Markırların birbiriyle ve her bir markırın yaş, cinsiyet, tümör büyüklüğü ve lenf nodülü metastaz varlığı gibi prognostik faktörlerle olan korelasyonu ayrı ayrı değerlendirildi. Çalışmamızda tiroglobülin ve CEA ile boyanma prognoz hakkında bize yeterli bilgi vermezken; CerbB-2 ve p53 markırlarının salınımı; yaş, cinsiyet, tümör büyüklüğü ve lenf nodülü metastazı varlığı ile istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırıldığında anlamlı değer bulunamadı. Fakat bu markırların pozitifliği ile lenf nodülü metastazı varlığı arasındaki korelasyonu istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olan kritik değere yakın olması ve CerbB-2'nin tümör çapı büyük olgularda pozitif boyanması dikkati çekti. Bu nedenlerle daha geniş serilerde immünohistokimyasal markırlar ile boyanmaların prognoz açısından bize bilgiler vereceği kanaatine vardık. Sonuç olarak; son yıllarda yaygınlaşan immünohistokimyasal panel uygulamalarının tiroid papiller karsinomlu olgularda kullanılmasının, bu olguların doğru tanısının konmasına, hastaların uygun şekilde tedavi görmesine ve takibine katkıda bulunacağı kanaatindeyiz.Malign epithelial thyroid neoplasm is one of the most frequently encountered types among the endocrine neoplasm cases. Thyroid papillary carcinomas also appear as one of the most encountered type of thyroid neoplasm. In papillary carcinoma, life expectancy is long, and recurrence rate is low. In some cases, recurrence can be seen relatively earlier. In such cases, the patient can die in a short period of time. The purpose of the present study is to develop a selective approach in the diagnoses and treatment of the papillary carcinoma to prevent unnecessary aggressive treatments. This approach may also help to diagnose the cases that show potentially aggressive behavior. In the study, immunohistochemical markers tyroglobulin, CEA, CerbB-2, and p53 were applied to 39 thyroid papillary carcinoma cases. The correlation of the markers with one another, and the correlation of each marker with the prognostic factors-age, sex, tumor size, and the presence of lymphoid nodule metastasis-were calculated. In the study, no conclusive information regarding the relationship between the prognosis and the tumors marked by tyro globulin and CEA has been attained. The correlation between the oscillation of CerbB-2 and p53 markers with the prognostic factors of age, sex, tumor size, and the presence of lymphoid nodule metastasis was statistically not significant. Yet, the correlation between the percentages of staining intensity with the presence of lymphoid nodule metastasis was close to the statistically significant value. It was also observed that CerbB-2 was marked intensively in tumors with larger diameters. These findings have led us to believe that studies on staining with immunohistochemical markers in larger series will provide more detailedinformation in terms of prognosis. In conclusion, we think that using immunohistochemical panel applications on papillary carcinoma cases will contribute to diagnosing, giving appropriate treatment, and following up this type of cases

The effect of hybrid thermal fillers on thermal conductivity of carbon fiber reinforced polybutylene terephthalate composites

AbstractThe use of functional polymeric composites with superior thermal properties, capable of replacing conventional polymers, has increased in recent years, particularly in the electrical‐electronics sector where thermal management is crucial. Carbon fiber (CF) polymer–matrix structural composites have relatively high in‐plane thermal conductivity but low through‐plane conductivity. In order to further enhance the through‐plane and in‐plane conductivity of CF‐reinforced polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) composite, a hybrid loading approach was employed, incorporating synthetic graphite (SG), boron nitride (hBN), aluminium nitride (AlN) and graphene (G) in composite formulations. It was found that the in‐plane conductivity of PBT‐20CF‐20SG‐3G and the through‐plane conductivity of PBT‐20CF‐20SG‐3AlN are 69% and 25% higher, respectively, than those of PBT‐40CF. However, the mechanical properties of hybrid composites exhibit lower values compared to those of CF‐reinforced PBT composites. The tensile strength value of PBT‐40CF is about 33% and 57% higher than those of PBT‐20CF‐20SG‐3G and PBT‐20CF‐20SG‐3AlN. Moreover, the flexural strength of PBT‐40CF is about 48% and 38% higher than those of PBT‐20CF‐20SG‐3G and PBT‐20CF‐20SG‐3AlN, respectively. The density value of PBT‐40CF is lower than that of the composites of PBT‐20CF‐20SG. From TGA it was observed that the thermal stability of PBT‐40CF is comparable to that of the composites PBT‐20CF‐20SG. From the conducted study, it can be proposed that the hybrid combination of SG, hBN, AlN and G can be utilized to achieve higher thermal conductivity values, instead of relying solely on CF in the composites. © 2024 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry.</jats:p

Improving the flame retardancy properties of PLA/PC blends

Polylactic acid/Polycarbonate (PLA/PC) blend was prepared via twin screw extruder by taking the bio-based content as much as possible and the better mechanical, thermal, and impact properties into consideration. Flame retardant (FR) performance of the PLA/PC blend was improved by using the mixture of ammonium polyphosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and zinc borate. FR properties of PLA/PC blend was evaluated according to the UL 94 test standard. The variations in tensile and flexural strength, and Izod-notched impact strength values were determined. In order to reduce the total amount of flame retardant additive, instead of using a mixture of TPP and APP (weight ratio of 2/1) at 21 wt% weight fraction, 1 wt% Zinc borate together with 18 wt% TPP-APP mixture was used and obtained V0 rating for the thickness of 1.5 mm. It was reported that weight fraction of flame retardant additives (APP and TPP) was successfully reduced by using a mixture of APP, TPP and ZnB without degrading the mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural strengths. Using less total FR additive weight (19 wt%) led to 15 and 24% higher tensile and flexural strength values, respectively, compared to higher FR additive weight (21 wt%)

Improving thermal conductivity of polybutylene terephthalate composites with hybrid synthetic graphite and carbon fiber

Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is a semi-crystalline engineering thermoplastic polyester. PBT offers rapid molding cycles, high heat resistant, crystallinity, fatigue resistance, strength and rigidity, excellent electrical properties, creep resistance, reproducible mold shrinkage and chemical resistance. In this study, PBT was loaded with synthetic graphite and carbon fiber at different weight fractions (10-40 wt.%). PBT-based composites were fabricated by the melt mixing process by using a co-rotating twin screw extruder then thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of filled PBT composites was investigated. Weight fraction of carbon fiber (up to 30 wt.%) increases the tensile strength and flexural strength of PBT, but synthetic graphite loading decreases the tensile strength and flexural strength of PBT. The highest in-plane and through-plane thermal conductivity values were obtained as 9.24 for 40 wt.% synthetic graphite filled composite and 3.41 W/mK for 40 wt.% carbon fiber reinforced composite, respectively. Carbon fiber was found to be more effective in increasing the through-plane thermal conductivities than synthetic graphite.Ege University Research Projects Coordination [18-MUH-027]The author(s) received funding from Ege University Research Projects Coordination (Project no: 18-MUH-027)

Improving thermal conductivity of polybutylene terephthalate composites with hybrid synthetic graphite and carbon fiber

Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is a semi-crystalline engineering thermoplastic polyester. PBT offers rapid molding cycles, high heat resistant, crystallinity, fatigue resistance, strength and rigidity, excellent electrical properties, creep resistance, reproducible mold shrinkage and chemical resistance. In this study, PBT was loaded with synthetic graphite and carbon fiber at different weight fractions (10-40 wt.%). PBT-based composites were fabricated by the melt mixing process by using a co-rotating twin screw extruder then thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of filled PBT composites was investigated. Weight fraction of carbon fiber (up to 30 wt.%) increases the tensile strength and flexural strength of PBT, but synthetic graphite loading decreases the tensile strength and flexural strength of PBT. The highest in-plane and through-plane thermal conductivity values were obtained as 9.24 for 40 wt.% synthetic graphite filled composite and 3.41 W/mK for 40 wt.% carbon fiber reinforced composite, respectively. Carbon fiber was found to be more effective in increasing the through-plane thermal conductivities than synthetic graphite

Anti-inflammatory efficiency of levobupivacaine in an experimental colitis model

AIM: To investigate the efficiency of levobupivacaine in treating experimentally induced colitis in rats

Targeted axillary biopsy and sentinel lymph node biopsy for axillary restaging after neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Purpose: Accurate restaging of the axilla after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is an important issue to ensure deescalating axillary surgery in patients with initial metastatic nodes. We aimed to present our results of targeted axillary biopsy (TAB) combined with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for axillary restaging after NAC. Methods: In 64 breast cancer patients who underwent NAC, biopsy-proven positive nodes were marked with clips before NAC, and ultrasound-guided wire localization of clip-marked nodes was performed after NAC. Patients underwent TAB and SLNB for post-NAC axilla restaging. Results: Identification rates of post-NAC TAB and SLNB were 98.4% and 87.5%, respectively (P = 0.033). Histopathology revealed a nodal pathologic complete response (pCR) rate of 47% in which axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was avoided. TAB alone and SLNB alone detected residual disease in 29 (85.3%) and 20 (58.8%) patients (P = 0.029), respectively. Whereas rates of up to 97% had been achieved with a combination of TAB and SLNB. The pCR rates after NAC were 64.3% for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive and triple-negative tumors and 13.6% in luminal tumors (P = 0.0002). Conclusion: Pathologic analysis following TAB combined with SLNB revealed the pCR rates to NAC in a considerable number of patients that provided de-escalation of axillary surgery. A combination of SLNB and TAB was found to be an accurate procedure in establishing residual nodal disease. This combined procedure in patients with initially positive nodes was a reliable method for post-NAC axillary restaging.WOS:0006584107000012-s2.0-85107531288PubMed: 3413642

Improving Flame Retardant Properties of Aliphatic Polyketone (POK)-Based Composites

The effect of zinc borate (ZB) and high-molecular-weight siloxane (SIL) on flame retardancy, mechanical, and thermal properties of aliphatic polyketone (POK)-containing aluminum diethyl phosphinate (OF) was investigated in this study. Ten wt % OF is sufficient to obtain V0 rating according to the UL94 test. As the weight fraction of OF was increased, the flame retardancy properties and LOI values improved, while the tensile and impact properties decreased. To avoid the degradation in mechanical and impact properties as much as possible and obtain the same and better flame retardancy properties, synergists such as SIL and ZB were used. Flame retardancy of POK-based composites was determined by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, UL94 measurement, and cone calorimeter test. The additions of 1 wt % SIL and ZB have not led to a considerable decrease in the tensile strength and impact properties of POK-10OF. While ZB and SIL are very efficient in decreasing the smoke density, ZB is more efficient than SIL in increasing the LOI value of the composite. The addition of 1, 2, and 4 wt % ZB and SIL synergists did not lower their UL94 ratings. Moreover, it can be added that ZB is more efficient than SIL in decreasing the fire growth rate (FIGRA) and maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) values. Using OF (10 wt %) and ZB (4 wt %), LOI values higher than 32% and smoke density values lower than 150 were obtained