4 research outputs found
Ultrasonically Assisted Preparation of Polysaccharide Microcontainers for Hydrophobic Drugs
Stable polysaccharide microcontainers are fabricated by ultrasonically assisted procedure. Ultrasound induces formation of permanent microcontainer shell due to interaction between chitosan and xanthan gum. The obtained system has a core-shell structure with high loading capacity for hydrophobic molecules. The permanent polymer shell thickness of 7-10 nm allows to maintain the microcontainer stability for more than 4 months. The microcontainers in a wide size range of 350-7500 nm were obtained by changing an overall emulsion viscosity. Uptake of the microcontainers by mouse melanoma M3 cells was studied by flow cytometry and confocal microcscopy.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3546
Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells as a Possible Target to Suppress Secondary Infections at COVID-19
Π€ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ in vitro ΠΈ in vivo Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΠΏΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²
Rationale: Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is one of the most promising agents for photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, its use is limited by the excitation in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible spectral ranges and, as a result, by a small penetration into biological tissue not exceeding a few millimeters. This problem could be solved by approaches ensuring excitation of riboflavin molecules within tumor tissues by infrared (IR) light. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can be potentially considered as mediators able to effectively convert the exciting radiation of the near IR range, penetrating into biological tissue to a 3 cm depth, into the photoluminescence in the UV and visible spectral ranges.Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of UCNPs for IR-mediated riboflavin activation in the depth of tumor tissue during PDT. Materials and methods: The water-soluble riboflavin flavin mononucleotide (FMN, Pharmstandard-UfaVITA, Russia) was used as a photosensitizer in in vitro and in vivo experiments. The in vitro experiments were performed on human breast adenocarcinoma SK-BR-3, human glioblastoma U-87 MG, and rat glioma C6 cell lines. Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) inoculated to hybrid BDF1 mice was used as a model to demonstrate the delivery of FMN to the tumor. UCNPs with a core/shell structure [NaYF4:Yb3+, Tm3+/NaYF4] were used for photoactivation of FMN in vivo. PDT based on FMN, UCNPs and laser radiation 975 nm (IR) was performed on mouse xenografts of human breast adenocarcinoma SKBR-3.Results: We were able to show that FMN could act as an effective in vitro photosensitizer for SK-BR-3, U-87 MG, and C6 cell lines. FMN IC50 values for glioma cells were ~30 ΞΌM, and for SK-BR-3 cell line ~50 ΞΌM (24 h incubation, irradiation 4.2 J/cm2). In the LLC model, the appropriate concentration of FMN (30 ΞΌM and above) can be achieved in the tumor as a result of systemic administration of FMN (at 2 and 24 hours after injection). The effect of PDT using near IR light for UCNP-mediated excitation of FMN was demonstrated in mouse xenografts SKBR-3, with the tumor growth inhibition of 90Β±5%.Conclusion: The study has demonstrated the possibility to use riboflavin (vitamin B2) as a photosensitizer for PDT. The photoexcitation of FMN via the anti-Stokes photoluminescence of UCNPs allows for implementation of the PDT technique with the near IR spectral range.ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½ (Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ Π2) ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ (Π£Π€) ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΉ (Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²) Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ. Π Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (ΠΠ) ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° Π² Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΠ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π² Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎ 3 ΡΠΌ, Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ Π£Π€ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ (ΠΠΠ€).Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ€ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΠ-ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° β ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ (Π€ΠΠ) (Π€Π°ΡΠΌΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ-Π£ΡΠ°ΠΠΠ’Π, Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ) β Π±ΡΠ» ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
in vitro ΠΈ in vivo. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ in vitro Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ
Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° SK-BR-3, Π³Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° U-87 MG ΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΈΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΡ C6. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΠΌ-Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌ BDF1, Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Π€ΠΠ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π€ΠΠ in vivo ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠΠ€ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Β«ΡΠ΄ΡΠΎ/ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Β» [NaYF4:Yb3+, Tm3+/NaYF4]. Π€ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π€ΠΠ, ΠΠΠ€ ΠΈ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 975 Π½ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΡΡΠΈ SK-BR-3.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π€ΠΠ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° in vitro Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΉ SK-BR-3, U-87 MG ΠΈ C6. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ IC50 Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π³Π»ΠΈΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ~30 ΠΌΠΊΠ Π€ΠΠ, Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ SK-BR-3 ~50 ΠΌΠΊΠ Π€ΠΠ (24 Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ±Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 4,2 ΠΠΆ/ΡΠΌ2). Π‘ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π€ΠΠ (30 ΠΌΠΊΠ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ΅) ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΡΠ° Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π€ΠΠ (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 2 ΠΈ 24 ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ). ΠΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΡΡΠΈ SK-BR-3 ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΠ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΠΠ€-ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π€ΠΠ, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ 90Β±5%.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° (Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° Π2) Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π€ΠΠ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ€, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΠ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°
Novel Copper-Containing Cytotoxic Agents Based on 2-Thioxoimidazolones
A series of 73 ligands and 73 of their Cu+2 and Cu+1 copper complexes with different geometries, oxidation states of the metal, and redox activities were synthesized and characterized. The aim of the study was to establish the structure-activity relationship within a series of analogues with different substituents at the N(3) position, which govern the redox potentials of the Cu+2/Cu+1 redox couples, ROS generation ability, and intracellular accumulation. Possible cytotoxicity mechanisms, such as DNA damage, DNA intercalation, telomerase inhibition, and apoptosis induction, have been investigated. ROS formation in MCF-7 cells and three-dimensional (3D) spheroids was proven using the Pt-nanoelectrode. Drug accumulation and ROS formation at 40-60 ΞΌm spheroid depths were found to be the key factors for the drug efficacy in the 3D tumor model, governed by the Cu+2/Cu+1 redox potential. A nontoxic in vivo single-dose evaluation for two binuclear mixed-valence Cu+1/Cu+2 redox-active coordination compounds, 72k and 61k, was conducted.