On the Intonation of Sentence Adverbials in English(<Summaries of the Papers Read at the Twenty-third Annual Meeting of the Tsukuba English Linguistic Society>)

It has often been claimed that intonation is independent of grammar. This view is explicitly reflected in the following quote from Bolinger (1989 : 67): "Intonation and grammar are pragmatically but not linguistically interdependent. Neither can be used to define the other in any strict sense, ..

The Monte Carlo Approach to State Estimation for Linear Dynamical Systems with State-Dependent Measurement Noise

This paper is concerned with the state estimation of linear dynamical systems with state-dependent measurement noise. The minimum variance estimate of the state is obtained as the weighted mean of the outputs of Kalman filters parameterized by the state-dependent measurement noise sequences. The usual calculation for this estimate, however, becomes impractical since a very large amount of outputs of Kalman filters is required. Therefore, we regard the set of all the state-dependent measurement noise sequences as a population. Then, we evaluate the minimum variance estimate on the basis of a relatively small number of outputs of Kalman filters, parameterized by the state-dependent measurement noise sequences sampled at random from the population. The convergence of the algorithm is established. Then, by an approximation of a sampling procedure with a fast convergence property, a feasible sampling procedure is determined and a practical algorithm is designed. This policy of design leads to an efficient algorithm. Digital simulation results show a good performance of the proposed algorithm