Non-methane volatile organic compounds emitted from domestic fuels in Delhi: Emission factors and total city-wide emissions

In controlled laboratory conditions, 62 samples of domestic fuels collected from 56 grids of Delhi were burnt to quantify the emissions of 23 non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), i.e., alkanes (11), alkenes (6), alkynes (1) and aromatic compounds (5). The domestic fuels used for residential activities were comprised of 20 unique types of fuel woods, 3 species of crop residue, dung cakes and coal. These fuels are primarily used for cooking and water/space heating during winters. The current study reports the total emission budget of NMVOCs from domestic burning over Delhi. Furthermore, this study also compares the differences in EFs of NMVOCs which are calculated for different burning cycles and sample collection methods. The EFs of NMVOCs calculated from the samples collected during the flaming stage using canisters were analysed for 23 NMVOCs and then compared with same species emitted from complete burning cycle. In addition to this, 10 consumption and emission hotspot grids were also identified in Delhi; based on the ground survey and laboratory simulated results. The total annual usage of domestic fuels for the year 2019 was found to be 0.415 Mt/yr (million tonnes) in Delhi. 12.01 Gg/yr of annual NMVOC emissions was calculated from domestic fuel burning in which the emissions from dung cake and fuel wood dominated with 6.6 Gg/yr and 5.4 Gg/yr, respectively. The EFs of NMVOCs calculated using canister and online collection method differ significantly from each other. The flaming stage presented enhanced emissions compared to the complete burning cycle by ~7 times which suggests that the method of data analysis and the period of sample collection play a pivotal role in the preparation of an emission inventory and estimating the budget

Complementary Medicine − A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Oral Diseases

With the increasing concern among patients about the adverse effects of conventional medicines’ increased resistance by bacteria to antibiotics and challenges faced by the medical personnel in managing chronic disease and their symptoms, it is becoming essential for the health professionals to have a sound knowledge of complementary and alternative modalities for the treatment of these chronic ailments. Oral physicians and dental health care professionals also face challenges in the management of few dental conditions as a result of resistance of oral microflora due to drug tolerance leading to persistence of symptoms and emergence of other side effects of conventional therapies. Therefore, it is often necessary for the dentists to be aware of complementary and alternative modalities which are popular, safe, effective, and economical alternative treatment regimen. Complementary medicine comprises treatment modalities such as herbal medicines, traditional Chinese medicine, naturopathy, Ayurveda, aromatherapy, homeopathy, acupuncture, magnetic field therapy, ozone therapy, Mora therapy, and many more

Cone-beam computed tomographic illustration of an unusual position of keratocystic odontogenic tumor mimicking a dentigerous cyst: A case report

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an advanced imaging modality, with its application in all branches of dentistry. Of all the imaging modalities available, CBCT, with minimum required exposure, provides the best image quality and helps in arriving at a correct diagnosis and in treatment planning. An odontogenic keratocyst, reclassified as a keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT), has an aggressive behavior, is prone to recur, and thus, has been classified as a tumor. Here, we discuss a rare case of a keratocystic odontogenic tumor occurring in the maxilla, with an ectopic tooth position mimicking a dentigerous cyst

Unfolding the Mysterious Path of Forensic Facial Reconstruction: Review of Different Imaging Modalities

Forensic facial reconstruction (FFR) is the technique that combines art and science to recreate the antemortem appearance of an individual in order to recognize and identify the decedent. Over the years, many techniques of FFR and imaging modalities that provide the basic data for FFR have evolved. There is always a considerable debate and confusion regarding the advantages and limitations of these techniques. The aim of this review is to summarize the different techniques of FFR and emphasize the role of radiological techniques including cone beam computed tomography in it

Herbinaturals: A new paradigm in dentistry

Danta Swasthya (oral health) is important for the general kausalya (well being) and relates to the quality of Jivana (life) that extends beyond the functions of the craniofacial complex. Danta Amivacatana (oral diseases) continues to be a major health problem worldwide. In mainstream Ausadha (medicine), new medical treatments are assumed to be ineffective, until they are proved to be useful. In addition, the adverse effects associated with mainstream medicine makes their use less desirable and less reliable by the population. Traditional medicine is a socioeconomic and sociocultural heritage, serving approximately 80% of the population of developing countries. Heterogeneity, easy availability, enduring recognition, popularity and fewer adverse side effects are some of the key lineaments of traditional Ausadha. This review attempts to introduce several widely used traditional medicines and plant extracts for treating oral diseases, with a highlight on tooth soap, one of the most unrevealed herbal alternative to tooth paste

Palatal mucormycosis masquerading as bacterial and fungal osteomyelitis: A rare case report

Mucormycosis is an acute, fulminating, fungal disease that frequently involves oral, cranial, and facial structures. It is an opportunistic fatal infection which occurs in debilitating and immunosuppressive states. This report documents a rare case of localized maxillary mucormycosis in a patient with uncontrolled diabetes, with emphasis on early and prompt diagnosis of the same

Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Micronuclei in the Buccal Mucosal Cells of Individuals Associated with Tobacco

Introduction: Micronucleus/micronuclei) have the potential to serve as an important biomarker in exfoliated cell. Exfoliated buccal mucosal cells can be evaluated using MN assay which can be applied to individuals practicing tobacco habits and are at risk of developing oral cancer. Material and Methods: 80 tobacco users and 20 non tobacco users as control were included in the study. Smears were taken and stained with H&E, feulgen, acridine orange. MN was counted using criteria given by Tolbert et al. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. Results: MN higher in tobacco users. The values obtained for the MN count in tobacco chewers using these stains were statistically significant (P<0.05). The values obtained for the MN count in tobacco smokers using these stains were statistically significant (P<0.05). Qualitatively a good score for staining intensity; MN outline and nuclear outline was obtained for acridine orange, followed by H&E and feulgen stain. Discussion: In our study quantitatively, MN was counted in maximum number using H&E stain, followed by acridine orange and feulgen. Qualitatively, MN count was best viewed using acridine orange stain under a fluorescence microscope, followed by H&E and feulgen under a light microscope. Conclusion: Assessment of MN in exfoliated cells is a promising tool to study epithelial carcinogens in the oral cavity

Long-Term (2012&ndash;2021) Variation in Carbonaceous Aerosols of PM2.5 at an Urban Site of Megacity Delhi Situated over Indo-Gangetic Plain of India

A long-term (January 2012 to December 2021) study on carbonaceous aerosols of fine particulates (PM2.5) was conducted over the megacity of Delhi, India, to evaluate their seasonal and yearly variations. During the entire study period, the observed annual mean levels (&micro;g m&minus;3) of PM2.5 and its carbonaceous components (OC, POC, SOC, EM, EC, TCM, and TC) were recorded as 126 &plusmn; 72, 15.6 &plusmn; 11.6, 9.3 &plusmn; 6.3, 6.4 &plusmn; 5.1, 8.2 &plusmn; 5.6, 7.3 &plusmn; 5.1, 33.2 &plusmn; 21.9, and 23.1 &plusmn; 16.5, respectively. On average, the CAs/TCM ratio accounts for 26% of PM2.5 concentrations. During the monsoon (minimum) and post-monsoon (maximum) season, significant seasonal variability in PM2.5 and its carbonaceous species (OC, EC, POC, SOC, and TCM) was observed. Based on the linear association (OC vs. EC) and ratios (OC/EC as well as EC/TC) of species, three significant sources of CAs (vehicular emissions (VE), fossil fuel combustion (FFC), and biomass burning (BB)) were identified

Diagnostic efficacy of color Doppler ultrasound in evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy

Background: To evaluate the efficacy of color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) in differentiating benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes by detecting differences in blood flow patterns. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional prospective study, 25 untreated patients with clinical evidence of cervical lymphadenopathy were evaluated. CDUS was performed for 80 cervical lymph nodes. The gray scale parameters of the lymph node and intranodal perfusion sites were the key CDUS features used to differentiate between reactive and metastatic lymph nodes. Histopathological confirmations were obtained and compared with the results of CDUS. Results: Initially, 53 cervical lymph nodes were evaluated by clinical examination. Twenty-seven additional lymph nodes (53 + 27 = 80) were discovered by CDUS evaluation. Gray scale parameters for lymph nodes such as size of lymph node, shape of lymph node, and presence or absence of hilum revealed highly significant results (P < 0.0001). Color Doppler flow signals revealed that central/hilar flow was characteristic for benign nodes whereas peripheral/mixed flow was characteristic for malignant nodes, the findings were highly significant (P < 0.0001). Gray scale and color Doppler features are used to differentiate benign and malignant nodes. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, CDUS evaluation was found to be highly significant with a high sensitivity and specificity over clinical evaluation CDUS examination provides a prospect to reduce the need for biopsy/fine needle aspiration cytology in reactive nodes