Islamic Law on Trading Using Virtual Reality-Based Metaverse

Islam has given limitations in all human activities in the Qur'an. Islam regulates correct trade procedures such as the fulfillment of legal trade conditions, which include sellers, buyers, goods and agreements. The development of information technology provides major changes to the types and procedures of trade, such as through electronic media (online), or known as the metaverse. Trading in metaverse makes use of a post-reality universe, a continuous and systematic multi-user environment combining physical reality with digital virtuality. Trading in the metaverse requires a medium of interaction between sellers and buyers, one of which is Virtual Reality (VR). Virtual Reality (VR) is a technology allowing users to interact with a computer-simulated environment in the form of an artificial environment or an imaginative environment. In addition to using media for interaction, trading in the metaverse also requires a special currency which can be in the form of crypto coins such as Exie Infinity (AXS), Decentraland (MANA), Sumnium Space (CUBE) obtained from the exchange of real rupiah money into electronic money in the form of crypto coin

The Forgotten Rational Thinking in the Ḥanbalite Thought With Special Reference to Ibn Taymiyya

The reputation of Ḥanbalite thinkers among academicians is one of an aggressive opponent to other Islamic fields of thought. They refute the scholars of Muslim theology, philosophy and mysticism on the basis of pure Islamic faith, represented they believe by the pious ancestors (al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ). According to the Ḥanbalites, true Islamic belief can only be derived from the Qurʾan, the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad and the first generation of companions. Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728 AH/1328 CE), the subject of this discussion belonged to the Ḥanbalite school of thought in Islam and was regarded as their most prominent representative. He has indeed come to be known as the father of the salafī 1 doctrine.Key words: Ḥanbalite, Ibn Taymiyya, Islamic philosophy, Qur’an, sunna, generation (ḥudūth), divine will and knowledge, kalam, God’s essence, reason, eternal creation, God’s attributes, genera and species, Ashʿarite and Muʿtazilite