Design Simulation and Perfomance Analysis of Efficient Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

Network life has been defined by the use of nodes to store, process and distribute information, which have restricted energy usage. In other words, all aspects of the node must be designed for extremely energy-efficient applications from sensor module to hardware and protocol. Diminished energy consumption by a factor of two will increase the system's overall utility by doubling the device life. In addition, the protocols should be robust against node failures, tolerant of defects and scalable to optimise device life to minimise energy dissipation. LEACH is the first protocol for network networks that utilises hierarchical routing to enhance network life. All nodes in a network are grouped into local cluster groups, with the cluster head being one node. Although all non-cluster head nodes transmit their data to the cluster head, the cluster head node collects data from all the cluster members, conducts data signal processing (e.g. , data aggregation) functions and transmits data to the remote baseline. As a cluster-head node, it thus takes much more resources than a non-cluster-head node. So all nodes that belong to the cluster lose communication power if a cluster-head node dies. In this research, we introduced clustering as a means of overcoming this energy efficiency problem. Detailed description on the process of LEACH protocols is available. The information on the simulation and the findings have also been discussed

Synthesis and antimalarial potential of some novel quinoline-pyrazolopyridine derivatives

oai:eldorado.tu-dortmund.de:2003/35825A series of 1-(4-methylquinolin-2-yl)-4,6-diaryl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-amine derivatives was synthesized by the reaction of 3-cinnamoyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-ones with 2-chloro-4,6-diphenylnicotinonitrile analogues in the presence of 2-hydrazino-4-methyl quinoline and ethanol. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and mass spectral data. The synthetic series of novel quinolinepyrazolopyridine hybrids were screened for in vitro schizont maturation assay against chloroquine sensitive 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum, from which the most five active analogues were further evaluated for in vivo 4-day suppressive test in Swiss albino mice. Among the series, 5p (containing 4-Cl substituent attached to both aryl ring) portrayed considerable potent antimalarial activity during in vitro as well as in vivo stud

Studies on Genetic Diversity in Growth, Yield and Quality Traits in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Evaluation of 35 genotypes of tomato for yield, quality and fruit characters under net-house revealed that PCV was higher than GCV for most traits. High heritability, with moderate to high GCV and genetic gain, was recorded for number of fruits per plant, yield per plant, fruit weight, number of fruit-clusters per plant, polar diameter and number of flower-clusters per plant indicating, that, these characters could be improved by simple selection. Total yield per plant had positive and highly significant correlation with number of fruit-clusters per plant, number of flowerclusters per plant and fruit weight. Number of locules per fruit showed positive and significant correlation with fruit weight and equatorial diameter but, significant negative correlation with polar diameter. Maximum direct contribution to total yield per plant was made by number of fruits per plant, followed by number of locules per fruit

ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND EXTRACELLULAR PIGMENT-PRODUCING ACTINOMYCETES FROM CHAMBAL TERRITORY OF MADYA PRADESH REGION, INDIA

In the present study, the objective is to isolate, characterize, and study of biological activity of pigment-producing actinomycetes. Samples werecollected from rhizosphere soil of Chambal territory and other parts of Madhya Pradesh regions. Screening of actinomycetes was done on the basisof pigment diffusion ability in International Streptomycetes Project media. Characterization of the actinomycete was made by scanning electronmicroscopy and 16s rRNA molecular sequencing. The antimicrobial activity of selected actinomycete was done by overlay agar method and well agardiffusion method against various pathogenic microorganisms. Among 85 actinomycetes isolates, only AR-ITM02 showed pigment-producing anddiffusion ability in media. The Gram-staining and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the linear chain structure of actinomycete. Morphological,biochemical, and molecular analysis confirmed the isolate belong to genus Streptomyces. Streptomyces isolate has also shown notable antimicrobialactivities against various pathogens. These significant results make Streptomyces suitable for further investigation and industrial exploitation. Thepresent investigation reveals that Chambal territory region of Madhya Pradesh has great ability to produce potent actinomycetes, which possesspigment-production and antimicrobial activities against various pathogens.Keywords: Actinomycetes, Pathogenic microorganisms, Pigments, Scanning electron microscopy

Stochastic Modeling of Long-Term Degradation over Structural Lifetimes

As structures and civil systems age, decision-making over structural lifetimes requires an understanding of the long-term degradation of these systems. Due to the extensive uncertainties in degradation processes, including the number of possible degradation modes acting on a structure, their effects, external factors, and the long time duration, estimating degradation is complex. Many previous studies investigate the impacts of individual degradation modes on reliability, providing insights into the forms of functions that can be used to estimate degradation due to these mechanisms. These have been used as a basis for more general structural degradation models through the use of, e.g., linear, polynomial, or exponential functions. These methods provide an estimate for degradation that can be used to estimate long-term reliability. However, these models can be limited in terms of the number of degradation mechanisms accounted for and often do not match known physical constraints of degradation. We propose a new stochastic model for long-term structural degradation. This model is based on the mechanical properties of individual degradation modes. The degradation at any instance is calculated as a random sum of a random number of degradation modes acting on the structure. The effect of a degradation mode is modeled as a stochastic function based on its mechanical effect. Individual degradation modes include those that start at time of initial construction and those beginning later in the lifetime of the structure. The effect of one degradation mode on the rate of another is also considered. We apply the proposed model to three years of field monitoring data and compare the resulting analyses with estimations from existing functions. How structural inspection data can be used to learn or update the parameters of the model is also described. The proposed model results in a more accurate estimation of long-term degradation, leading to improved predictions of system responses and supporting reliability-based decision-making over structural lifetimes.The authors thank Dr. Branko Glisic and his research group from Princeton University for providing data for the Streicker Bridge, which is used as the application example for the degradation model

Clinical Performance of Composite Using Direct and Indirect Technique

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate and compare clinical performance of composite in regard to colour, marginal staining, surface roughness and chipping in anterior teeth using direct and indirect technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 60 anterior teeth were selected for this study and were randomly divided into 2 groups. Facial reduction of 0.75-1 mm was done in both groups. In Group A (n=30), veneer preparation was done directly by incremental layering technique. In Group B (n=30), putty impression was taken, a cast was made and composite build up was performed on the cast. The prepared veneer was placed into visible light cure chamber for uniform curing. It was then loaded with the luting cement and gently seated on labial surface. Veneers were evaluated at baseline, 3, 6 months for colour stability, marginal staining, surface roughness and chipping according to modified USPHS criteria (Ryge’s criteria). Score of Alpha, Bravo and Charlie were assigned, and the results were statistically analysed using Chi square test. RESULT: No statistical difference was found in Group A and B at 0, 3, 6 months in all parameters. CONCLUSION: Clinical performance of direct and indirect technique for composite curing was found similar in the present study

A prospective study to estimate the outcome of patellar fracture fixation with suture material of high resistance properties

Background: Patella fractures make from 0.5% to 1.5% of all bone fractures.  The most common fracture type, transverse fracture, impairs knee extension mechanics due to fragment displacement. In the years that followed, newer procedures were pursued in order to alleviate the aforementioned difficulties. K-wires were successfully replaced with cannulated screws. Furthermore, cerclage wiring was replaced with alternative implants without jeopardising the figure-of-eight tension band build. Methods: A prospective study was conducted over a period of 18 months to evaluate the outcome of patellar fractures fixation with newer techniques and sutures. The study had 35 participants. Results: This study included patients in the age group of 21-77 years. Among the total of 35 patients in the study, Maximum number of patients in our study were in the age range of 41-60 years which comprised 42.86%.  In this study of 35 patients, 20 were male patients and 15 patients were female i.e. 57.14% of our study group comprised of male patients while 42.86% comprised of female patients. Conclusions: The above study clearly demonstrates that the high resistance suture materials can be used as a potential alternative or may even be better to the existing prevalent fixation of patella fractures with stainless steel and wires. Fibertape fixation presents a lot of advantages over the traditional stainless steel and wire fixation. Biomechanically, fibertape has demonstrated tensile strength and stiffness equal to stainless steel and in certain specific parameters proved even more stronger than the stainless steel