The Effect of Lilly v. Medtronics on the Scope of 35 USC 271(e)(1): The Patent Infringement Exemption - Broad or Narrow

This article undertakes to examine, critically, the case history, legislative history, and the construction of sections 101, 201, and 202 of the Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 in an effort to analyze the Supreme Court\u27s recent decision in Lilly v. Medtronics and to discern how the scope of section 271(e)(1) is likely to be treated in future cases in light of that recent Supreme Court decision

The Effect of Lilly v. Medtronics on the Scope of 35 USC 271(e)(1): The Patent Infringement Exemption - Broad or Narrow

This article undertakes to examine, critically, the case history, legislative history, and the construction of sections 101, 201, and 202 of the Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 in an effort to analyze the Supreme Court\u27s recent decision in Lilly v. Medtronics and to discern how the scope of section 271(e)(1) is likely to be treated in future cases in light of that recent Supreme Court decision

Using Wavelet to Analyze Periodicities in Hydrologic Variables

The trend and shift in the seasonal temperature, precipitation and streamflow time series across the Midwest have been analyzed, for the period 1960-2013, using the statistical analyses (Mann- Kendall test with and without considering short term persistence (MK2 and MK1, respectively) and Pettitt test). The paper also utilizes a relatively new approach, wavelet analysis, for testing the existence of trend and shift in the time series. The method has the ability to decompose a time series in to lower (trend) and higher frequency components (noise). Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has been employed in the present study with an aim to find which periodicities are mainly responsible for trend in the original data. The combination of MK1, MK2, and DWT along with Pettitt test hasn’t been extensively used up to this time, especially in detecting trend and shift in the Midwest. The analysis of climate division temperature and precipitation data and USGS naturalized streamflow data revealed the presence of periodicity in the time series data. All the incorporated time series data were seasonal to analyze the trends and shifts for four seasons-winter, spring, summer and fall independently. D3 component of DWT were observed to be influential in detecting real trend in temperature, precipitation and streamflow data, however unlike temperature, precipitation and streamflow showed decreasing trend as well. Shift was relatively observed more than trend in the region with dominance of D3 component in the data. The result indicate the significant warming trend which agrees with the “increasing temperature” observations in the past two decades, however a clear explanation for precipitation and streamflow is not obvious

Intraoperative mobilisation of knee and its effect on the final functional outcome in patella fractures: a clinical study

Background: Treatment of patellar fractures depends on its type, integrity of extensor mechanism and fragments size. Operative measures are tension band wiring and partial or total patellectomy. Early weight bearing and then gradual mobilization and finally quadriceps strengthening remains the crux of physiotherapy. Aim of this study was to see for the effect of intraoperative mobilisation of knee on functional outcome of tension band wiring in patella fractures.Methods: 30 patients were included in this study from January 2016 to February 2018. Tension band wiring was performed in all the patients. Intraoperative mobilisation of knee as allowed was done when patient was under effect of anesthesia. Final functional outcome was assessed as per the modified knee-rating scale of the Hospital for Special Surgery and also range of motion noted. Patients were evaluated at 1 month, 2 month, 6 month and 12 months.Results: Patients aged from 25-65 years with mean age of 40 years. 26 patients were male and 4 female. In 20 cases, Right knee was involved. All had trauma due to road traffic accident. Mean operation time was 1 hour. At the end of 1 year follow up only 2 patients had range of motion <90, 4 patients had range of motion 90-120 degrees and 24 patients had range of motion >120 degrees. After 1 year, functional outcome was, excellent in 24, good in 4, fair in 1 and poor in 1.Conclusions: Intraoperative mobilisation of knee after a stable fixation with tension band wiring of patella can prove to a very effective method for increasing postoperative range of motion and improving functional outcome

Experience of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients presenting with acute cholecystitis at different duration

Background: Acute inflammation of a gall bladder that contains stones is acute calculous cholecystitis, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is now the gold standard treatment for patients with gall stone disease. laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis was initially considered technically challenging and potentially risky for the patient. Aim was to evaluate results of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients presenting with acute cholecystitis at different duration in a tertiary centre in eastern India.Methods: Comparative study of 71 cases of acute cholecystitis who presented at different days and were treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Outcome was compared.Results: The incidence of conversion to open was 12.6%. Day of presentation 5 to 7 had the maximum 21% risk of conversion. Major intraoperative complications included 4 cases of common bile duct injury, 4 cases of vascular injury and 3 cases of bowel injury out of which vascular injury and one case of bowel injury was managed laparoscopically. 9 cases converted to open surgery. patient with DOP 1, 2 and 3 had an average hospital stays of 3 days. It was 5 for those with DOP 4 and 7 days for patients with DOP 5 to 7.Conclusions: The study supports laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis specially in patients presenting within 72 hours of onset of pain. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be attempted in patients who present at DOP 4 and DOP 5 to7 after explaining them the risk and benefit of the procedure to the patient. Conversion to open surgery should not be stigmatized

Incidence of Anaerobic Bacteria in 118 Patients with Deep-space Head and Neck Infections from the People’s University Hospital of Maxillofacial Surgery, Bhopal, India

susceptibility to antibacterial agents of anaerobic strains in 118 patients with head and neck abscesses (31) and cellulitis (87). Materials and methods: In total, 118 pus specimens from 118 consecutive patients with abscesses (31 cases) and cellulitis (87) of the head and neck were evaluated from 2006 to the end of 2011. The patients were admitted to the University Hospital of Maxillofacial Surgery, Bhopal, India, and comprised 76 men and 42 women: Four children, 103 adults and 11 elderly people. Results: Anaerobic bacteria (174 strains within 18 genera) were found in 88 (74.6%) of the 118 specimens. Anaerobes only were present in 23 (19.5%) specimens, aerobic/facultative bacteria only in 20 (16.9%) and mixed aerobic/anaerobic flora in 65 (55.1%). No growth was detected in 10 (8.5%) specimens. Two or more anaerobes per specimen were found in 56 (63.6%) of the specimens yielding anaerobes. The incidence of isolation of anaerobes from patients with identified odontogenic sources of infection was 82.2% (60 of 73 cases) and that in patients with other sources of infection was 71.4% (15 of 21, p > 0.20).  Conclusion: The start of empirical treatment could influence the frequency or rate of isolation of Fusobacterium species. The involvement of the Bacteroides fragilis group in some head and neck infections should be considered.&nbsp

Effect of Austenitization Temperature on Wear Behavior of Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron (CADI)

Chromium bearing Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) has been recently in the news for its improved wear performance over the ADI. The work presented below was taken up to study the effect of different austenitisation temperatures on the microstructure and wear performance of the Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron (CADI). In this investigation Cr bearing ductile iron was subjected to austempering treatment to obtain an ausferritic microstructure. Two different austenitisation temperatures were selected whereas, the austempering temperature and time was kept unchanged. Microstructure and wear performance of this alloy, austenitized at two different temperatures was studied

Effect of Austenitization Temperature on Wear Behavior of Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron (CADI)

Chromium bearing Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) has been recently in the news for its improved wear performance over the ADI. The work presented below was taken up to study the effect of different austenitisation temperatures on the microstructure and wear performance of the Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron (CADI). In this investigation Cr bearing ductile iron was subjected to austempering treatment to obtain an ausferritic microstructure. Two different austenitisation temperatures were selected whereas, the austempering temperature and time was kept unchanged. Microstructure and wear performance of this alloy, austenitized at two different temperatures was studied

Application Development for the Internet of Things: Observations and Challenges

International audienceThe Internet of Things (IoT) domain can be considered to be an amalgamation of the hitherto well- researched Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN) and Pervasive Computing domains. However, application development on this platform still remains challenging. In this paper, we first discuss a specific real world instance of an oft- cited IoT application: the Smart Home application, and gain insight into IoT application development by actually implementing it. Based on the above, we then present the design, development and deployment techniques for a real world IoT system from ground up and describe of various interaction patterns that naturally occur in such applications. We further discuss the challenges faced while reusing and combining approaches from the existing domains of WSANs and Pervasive Computing, into the domain of IoT. Finally, we conclude by using these insights to present a roadmap for designing an application development framework for IoT