Performance evaluation of best route and broadcast strategy for NDN producer’s mobility

Named Data Networking is a novel concept mainly for the future Internet infrastructure that is centered on routable named data. The NDN infrastructure comprises of a new constituent known as the strategy layer. The layer give access for automatic selection of network routes by considering network pre-conditions such as delay in Interest messages forwarding via a producer. However, expressing appropriate pre-condition in selecting the best possible routes to forward Interest messages remains a challenging factor in NDN, because various parameters and conditions opposes one another when selecting best routes. Besides, it is possible for data in NDN to be retrieved from several sources. Yet, so far preceding research on forwarding strategy techniques that can calculate, from which route accurate NDN data contents content are realized does not regard a network attacker trying to transmit invalid data contents containing same name as accurate data. Therefore, this paper evaluate performance of forwarding strategy using analytical and simulation, and that can be compatible to related network applications such as voice. In analytical, we exploit the use of distribution function for consistency. These are the Probability Density Function (PDF) and Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF). In simulation, each application require its own form of forwarding policy using best route and broadcast. These were exploited to evaluate the total delay in a given interval from 10 through 50 seconds for five times. Similarly in our evaluation, a largescale ring topology was use in the simulation consisting of 30 nodes and 48 links. Link bandwidth is configured as 1Mbps. Numbers of content consumer/producer starts from 1 to 18 so as to achieve our simulations. Both consumers and producers were randomly selected in term of unique content request on the access network. ndnSIM 2.1 is used in simulating the scenarios for several time intervals. Performance results presents best route policy carries significant delay when compared with broadcast policy. Also, in our result, Delay metric is half the value obtained during analytical and simulation processes for NDN producer’s best route and broadcast using CDF, as compared to the value realized in our benchmark paper for NDN consumer

Detecting mobile producer’s position in a wireless named data network environment using signal strength

Named Data Networking (NDN) is a new Content Centric Network architecture that can possibly overwhelm most issues of IP mobility and security. The NDN is centered on addressing contents by themselves using names, rather than assigning IP addresses to packets on hosts where information is located on the global Internet. Due to the developing scope of remote access around the world and Wi-Fi accessibility, scenarios change because of additional networking devices. This paper analyses existing methodologies of mobile device communication using Wi-Fi in NDN. This involves using a mobile producer and a rendezvous node connected via content routers in an NDN scenario. Their location is detected and predicted immediately handoff occur and it send content transmission as a consumer. The approach of transmitting content signals uses sign power pointer (RSSI), TOA, and TSE in the network. Several challenges were noted and pointed out enhance future work

Simulation of handoff algorithm for NDN producer’s mobility

Named Data networking is a novel communication scheme designed for efficient data dissemination. NDN is cantered on content management to improve on IP challenges such mobility, scalability, security and better quality of service. In this paper, producer’s mobility between two points is set-up for simulation using hard handoff technique. In this form of handoff, the carrier frequency of a connecting access gateway remains the same with the newly visited gateway of the producer (i.e intra-frequency). The mobile producer in node 3 is requesting a video content to another producer in node 4 while in a state of mobility. We considered anchorless technique of managing mobility of the nodes and simulation ensures that contents still receive routing update as they achieve handoff. These set-ups of simulation were conducted using NetSim version 12.10 software. In the results, we present video application throughput and the link throughput of link 1, link 2 and link 7 and comprehend that, efficiency and seamless mobility is realized using video application as compared to link throughout. Network and queued metrics also present more results being generated after the simulation processes. The algorithm of our inputs is tested in MATLAB and part of the coding system is build using visual studio 2015 which by default, is compatible with NetSim “binary” and “dll” folders

African neuroscience on the global stage: Nigeria as a model

Of the 572 neuroscience-related studies published in Nigerian from 1996 to 2017, <5% used state-of-the-art techniques, none used transgenic models, and only one study was published in a top-tier journal

Recent Breakthroughs in Using Quantum Dots for Cancer Imaging and Drug Delivery Purposes

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Because each person’s cancer may be unique, diagnosing and treating cancer is challenging. Advances in nanomedicine have made it possible to detect tumors and quickly investigate tumor cells at a cellular level in contrast to prior diagnostic techniques. Quantum dots (QDs) are functional nanoparticles reported to be useful for diagnosis. QDs are semiconducting tiny nanocrystals, 2–10 nm in diameter, with exceptional and useful optoelectronic properties that can be tailored to sensitively report on their environment. This review highlights these exceptional semiconducting QDs and their properties and synthesis methods when used in cancer diagnostics. The conjugation of reporting or binding molecules to the QD surface is discussed. This review summarizes the most recent advances in using QDs for in vitro imaging, in vivo imaging, and targeted drug delivery platforms in cancer applications

Regression Analysis between the Different Breast Dose Quantities Reported in Digital Mammography and Patient Age, Breast Thickness, and Acquisition Parameters

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Screening mammography is considered the primary imaging modality for the early detection of breast cancer. The radiation dose from mammography increases the patients&rsquo; risk of radiation-induced cancer. The mean glandular dose (MGD), or the average glandular dose (AGD), provides an estimate of the absorbed dose of radiation by the glandular tissues of a breast. In this paper, MGD is estimated for the craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral&ndash;oblique (MLO) views using entrance skin dose (ESD), X-ray spectrum information, patient age, breast glandularity, and breast thickness. Moreover, a regression analysis is performed to evaluate the impact of mammography acquisition parameters, age, and breast thickness on the estimated MGD and other machine-produced dose quantities, namely, ESD and organ dose (OD). Furthermore, a correlation study is conducted to evaluate the correlation between the ESD and OD, and the estimated MGD per image view. This retrospective study was applied to a dataset of 2035 mammograms corresponding to a cohort of 486 subjects with an age range of 28&ndash;86 years who underwent screening mammography examinations. Linear regression metrics were calculated to evaluate the strength of the correlations. The mean (and range) MGD for the CC view was 0.832 (0.110&ndash;3.491) mGy and for the MLO view was 0.995 (0.256&ndash;2.949) mGy. All the mammography dose quantities strongly correlated with tube exposure (mAs): ESD (R2 = 0.938 for the CC view and R2 = 0.945 for the MLO view), OD (R2 = 0.969 for the CC view and R2 = 0.983 for the MLO view), and MGD (R2 = 0.980 for the CC view and R2 = 0.972 for the MLO view). Breast thickness showed a better correlation with all the mammography dose quantities than patient age, which showed a poor correlation. Moreover, a strong correlation was found between the calculated MGD and both the ESD (R2 = 0.929 for the CC view and R2 = 0.914 for the MLO view) and OD (R2 = 0.971 for the CC view and R2 = 0.972 for the MLO view). Furthermore, it was found that the MLO scan views yield a slightly higher dose compared to CC scan views. It was also found that the glandular absorbed dose is more dependent on glandularity than size. Despite being more reflective of the dose absorbed by the glandular tissue than OD and ESD, MGD is considered labor-intensive and time-consuming to estimate

Locating mobile producer’s position in anchorless NDN environment using signal strength

This paper assesses the Muslim contribution in Computer Science Applications and Technology. This involves in-depth analysis of recent technologies in computer, based on perspective that Islam accommodates. All research conducted from the history of civilization is basically driven from script of the Quran and Sunnah. Therefore, technology and science are derivatives of Islamic civilization. Recent technology of the Internet is now centred on multimedia contents applications (such as audio, video and images). This is due to the rapid innovations and production of electronic devices across the globe. The idea of contents on the Internet is developed from the Content Concentric Network (CCN). And the most promising between CCN types is the Named Data Networking (NDN). Named Data Networking is a new content centric network architecture that can possibly overwhelm most issues of IP mobility and security. NDN approach is commonly identified under Information Concentric Network or Content Concentric Network and is centered on addressing contents by themselves using names, rather than assigning IP addresses to packets on hosts, where information is located on the global Internet. Due to the developing scope of remote access around the world and Wi-Fi accessibility, scenarios change as a result of additional networking devices. This paper also analyses existing methodologies of mobile device communication using Wi-Fi in NDN environment. This involves using a mobile producer and a rendezvous node connected via content routers in a network. Their location is detected and predicted immediately handoff occur and it transmit content as a consumer. The approach of transmitting content signals uses sign power pointer, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Time of Arrival (TOA) and TSE in the network. Several challenges were noted and pointed out o enhance future work

Queuing theory approach for NDN mobile producer’s rate of transmission using network coding

Nowadays, Internet has become a crucial part of everyday life in areas of academic research, healthcare, military, commercial industries, transportation, and entertainment. The Internetwork was not invented for its present-day state of operation. Numerous limitations are currently emerging in terms of Internet performance, mobility, scalability, dependability, security, and service quality. In this paper we consider real time network application for voice and video, both having variable bitrate sources. A mobile producer is solely responsible to direct the traffic to a specified destination, either in one network or different. For voice traffic, a constant bitrate (CBR) is generated in real time during a talkspurt. During this generation interval, a small amount of traffic is transmitted in a period of silent pause. For video traffic, the bitrate is changed because video coding form is altering due to time interval. Also, the visible image in the proposed video application varies due to network coding application. In the results, performance analysis is measured due to amount of time spend in each cell residence and signalling cost between mobile producer and rendezvous node as a definite destination. We conducted simulation coding in ndnSIM 2.1 and performance analysis using Python. Simulation output present better results compared with other benchmarked research

Connectivity framework for rendezvous and mobile producer nodes using NDN interest flooding

Named Data Networking is a promising application of Information Concentric Networking. More research is required to improve NDN mobility especially when Interest and Data contents are flooded during transmission. In named data networking framework, data integrity and security are highly guaranteed due to its nature of operation. Although, Information Concentric Networks are to some extend vulnerable to some form of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. these attacks are mostly Interest Flooding Attacks. In this paper, a scalable solution that is capable of moderating complex interest flooding framework for rendezvous and producer nodes mobile routes is implemented by simulation. The simulation involves mobile producer (MP) transmission between the two interfaces (in-out bound) on a network. We further adopt the use an efficient protocol known as the Listen First Broadcast Later for Interest content as they are transmitted by consumer in search for data between nodes of producer and rendezvous in motion. Our implementation ensures preventing attackers at both ends of the links without affecting non attacking consumers and producers. The protocol depends on the mobile producer’s Data content reply and use a fix rate adaptation to initiate secured handoff. Simulation results in ndnSIM 2.1 and Wireshark present successful implementation of the producer to rendezvous scalable content delivery between the links

Throughput analysis for the mobility of a consumer and an anchorless producer in NDN

Named Data networking is a novel communication model that is designed mainly to ensure efficient data dissemination on the internet. In this paper, a practical structure of naming data content in NDN is presented using name based routing as well as mobility first. Simulations are conducted to determine to mobility of both the consumer and producer using NetSim Version 10.1. In the scenario, a mobile consumer is considered to request an audio content from a mobile producer on a single localized NDN network. Afterward, the producer changes its local network to another access network while offering same audio application content to its consumers in the previous localized network and to the new point of attachment. In the results, we compared the voice application throughput and the link throughput and realized that efficiency is achieved using the application throughput as compared to the link. SUMO simulator was used to create the suitable road path for the vehicles before interfacing with NetSim. In addition, the coding system is build using visual studio 2015 and made compatible with NetSim “binary” and “dll” folders. Keywords--- Named Data Networking, consumer, producer, NetSim, Simulation of Urban Mobility, throughput