Kinetic Study of Saponin Extraction from Sapindus rarak DC by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Methods

Saponin is an important plant-derived compound that is commonly found in sapindaceae plants, such as Sapindus rarak DC. Saponin is extensively used in plenty of industries as a detergent or emulsifying agent in cleansers, shampoos, and cosmetics. The extraction of saponin was previously studied and shows that the extraction assisted by ultrasonic waves was found to be an effective method. However, the previous studies have rarely examined the extraction kinetic study of the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). In the present study, the extraction of saponin from Sapindus rarak DC and its extraction kinetics is conducted. The results show that the highest saponin yield of 354.92 (mg of saponin per gram of dry feed) was obtained from the extraction using a solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio of 1:50 (w/v) at 50 °C. The amount of extracted saponin increased with the increase of extraction temperature as well as the solute ratio in the solution. However, increasing the temperature to 60 °C decreased the saponin yield. The results of a simple kinetics study of saponin extraction also show that the second-order kinetics model can better describe the UAE process, with an R2 value of 0.929 and a rate coefficient of 0.00495 L.g-1.min-1. The experimental results agree well with the practical calculations obtained using the second-order kinetics model based on an average error of 6.79%. Copyright © 2019 BCREC Group. All rights reserve

Ekstraksi dan Karakterisasi Klorofil dari Daun Suji (Pleomele Angustifolia) sebagai Pewarna Pangan Alami

Pewarna pangan alami merupakan salah satu kontribusi untuk mewujudkan keamanan pangan di Indonesia sebagaimana telah dinyatakan dalam Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan. Klorofil adalah pigmen hijau yang dapat diperoleh dengan proses ekstraksi. Salah satu zat pewarna alami yang paling sering digunakan adalah klorofil dari daun suji. Dalam penelitian ini, klorofil dari daun suji diekstraksi menggunakan ekstraksi maserasi dengan penambahan zat penstabil NaHCO3. Ekstraksi klorofil umumnya menggunakan solvent berbasis alkohol, namun dalam penelitian ini digunakan solvent aquadest. Tahapan penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi ekstraksi, karakterisasi ekstrak, mikroenkapsulasi dan karakterisasi bubuk klorofil. Ekstrak klorofil dianalisa konsentrasi klorofilnya menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Karakterisasi bubuk klorofil meliputi kadar air, analisa nilai kelarutan pewarna klorofil analisa intensitas warna dan uji gugus fungsional spesifik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi klorofil dengan penambahan zat penstabil NaHCO3 sebesar 3% merupakan konsentrasi penambahan terbaik dan menghasilkan konsentrasi klorofil sebesar 41,939 mg/L. Sedangkan tanpa penambahan NaHCO3 menghasilkan ekstrak klorofil cair dengan konsentrasi klorofil sebesar 30,327 mg/L. Bubuk klorofil daun suji yang dihasilkan mempunyai kelarutan 96,15%, kadar air 11,29% dan nilai intensitas warna L*, a* dan b* sebesar 72,454, -12,222 dan 26,494. Analisa gugus fungsional dari bubuk klorofil mengambarkan adanya puncak-puncak spesifik dari karakteristik stuktur klorofil.Natural food colorant had a contribution for actualizing food safety in Indonesia as assigned in Regulation of Republic of Indonesia Number of 18 in Year of 2012. Chlorophyll was a natural green extract produced by extraction method. Pleomele angustifolia leaves had been frequently applied as traditional food colorant. This research studied maceration extraction to extract chlorophyll from Pleomele angustifolia leaves by using distilled water as a solvent and an addition of NaHCO3 as stabilizer. Further, the chlorohyll extract was microencapsulated using Maltodextrin as wall materal and was characterized. Chlorophyll concentration of the extract was predicted by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. Characterization of microencapsulated chlorophyll comprised water content, solubility, color intensity and specific functional group based on its FTIR spectrum. Research showed that concentration of NaHCO3 of 3% resulted on the best chlorophyll concentration, 41,94 mg/L. In contrast, only 30,33 mg/L of chlorophyll cencentration was obtained without stabilizer. Encapsulated chlorophyll of Pleomele angustifolia leaves had solubility of 96,15%, water content of 11,29% and colour intensity of L*, a* and b* as 72,454, -12,222 and 26,494, respectively. Functional groups of FTIR Spectra confirmed specific peaks of chlorophyll chemical structure characteristic

Separation of organic compounds and metal ions by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration using plant-based natural surfactant (saponin)

A natural plant-based surfactant, saponin, was investigated for organic compound and heavy metal pollutant removal via Micellar Enhanced Ultrafiltration (MEUF) to guarantee more sustainable process. Aniline and phenol were used as the model of organic pollutant, methylene blue was selected as reactive dye pollutant, while, Zn and Cu represented heavy metal pollutant. The MEUF process using saponin was successfully removed the pollutant from the model waste water. The highest rejection of 70.76%, 81.65%, 99.95%, 99.05%, and 92.12% was achieved at the addition of 2 times CMC of saponins for removal of phenol, aniline, MB, Zn(II) ion and Cu(II) ion, respectively

Synthesis, characterization and anti-fouling properties of poly[vinylidene fluoride]-incorporated SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2 nanoparticle-LiCl pore former ultrafiltration membranes

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was modified with SiO2 (P–Si), TiO2 (P–Ti), and ZrO2 (P–Zr) nanoparticles, alongside LiCl. The modification aimed to enhance hydrophilicity, influence membrane porosity, and improve anti-fouling properties. Increased hydrophilicity was confirmed with reduction of contact angle from 89.8° to 64° for P–Zr membrane. Highest porosity of 81.986, highest water permeability (112.64 L/m2.h) and FRR of 96.9% were achieved for P–Zr membrane. However, the P–Si exhibited the highest BOD rejection (99.76%), and P–Zr displayed the highest TOC rejection (96%). Overall, modification with ZrO2–LiCl offering superior performance. These findings are significant for advancing UF membrane anti-fouling in oily wastewater treatment