Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas: early results from a single center

To evaluate early results of transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas

Vitamin D and neurological diseases: An endocrine view

Vitamin D system comprises hormone precursors, active metabolites, carriers, enzymes, and receptors involved in genomic and non-genomic effects. In addition to classical bone-related effects, this system has also been shown to activate multiple molecular mediators and elicit many physiological functions. In vitro and in vivo studies have, in fact, increasingly focused on the "non-calcemic" actions of vitamin D, which are associated with the maintenance of glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular morbidity, autoimmunity, inflammation, and cancer. In parallel, growing evidence has recognized that a multimodal association links vitamin D system to brain development, functions and diseases. With vitamin D deficiency reaching epidemic proportions worldwide, there is now concern that optimal levels of vitamin D in the bloodstream are also necessary to preserve the neurological development and protect the adult brain. The aim of this review is to highlight the relationship between vitamin D and neurological diseases

Pathophysiological Role and Therapeutic Implications of Vitamin D in Autoimmunity: Focus on Chronic Autoimmune Diseases

Vitamin D is a pleiotropic secosteroid yielding multiple actions in human physiology. Besides the canonical regulatory activity on bone metabolism, several non-classical actions have been described and the ability of vitamin D to partake in the regulation of the immune system is particularly interesting, though far stronger and convincing evidence has been collected in in vitro as compared to in vivo studies. Whether vitamin D is able to regulate at physiological concentrations the human immune system remains unproven to date. Consequently, it is not established if vitamin D status is a factor involved in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases and if cholecalciferol supplementation acts as an adjuvant for autoimmune diseases. The development of autoimmunity is a heterogeneous process, which may involve different organs and systems with a wide range of clinical implications. In the present paper, we reviewed the current evidences regarding vitamin D role in the pathogenesis and management of different autoimmune diseases

Principali test di stimolo e di inibizione per la patologia antero-ipofisaria: avvertenze per l'uso nella popolazione di età superiore ai 65 anni

SommarioLa fisiopatologia dell'invecchiamento non è ancora stata del tutto chiarita sebbene numerosi filoni di ricerca siano attivi in questo ambito in considerazione dell'aumento della vita media della popolazione generale. Il sistema endocrino riveste un ruolo critico in questo contesto in quanto, durante l'invecchiamento, avvengono importanti modifiche nel pattern secretorio dell'asse ipotalamo-ipofisi e nella sua sensibilità ai meccanismi di feedback. Risulta pertanto evidente come, nell'ambito della quotidiana pratica clinica, sia necessaria un'interpretazione critica dei principali test endocrinologi per lo studio delle patologie ipofisarie nella popolazione over 65, per la quale spesso non esistono cut-off età-specifici