HDAC and Proteasome Inhibitors Synergize to Activate Pro-Apoptotic Factors in Synovial Sarcoma

<div><p>Conventional cytotoxic therapies for synovial sarcoma provide limited benefit, and no drugs specifically targeting its driving SS18-SSX fusion oncoprotein are currently available. Patients remain at high risk for early and late metastasis. A high-throughput drug screen consisting of over 900 tool compounds and epigenetic modifiers, representing over 100 drug classes, was undertaken in a panel of synovial sarcoma cell lines to uncover novel sensitizing agents and targetable pathways. Top scoring drug categories were found to be HDAC inhibitors and proteasomal targeting agents. We find that the HDAC inhibitor quisinostat disrupts the SS18-SSX driving protein complex, thereby reestablishing expression of <i>EGR1</i> and <i>CDKN2A</i> tumor suppressors. In combination with proteasome inhibition, HDAC inhibitors synergize to decrease cell viability and elicit apoptosis. Quisinostat inhibits aggresome formation in response to proteasome inhibition, and combination treatment leads to elevated endoplasmic reticulum stress, activation of pro-apoptotic effector proteins BIM and BIK, phosphorylation of BCL-2, increased levels of reactive oxygen species, and suppression of tumor growth in a murine model of synovial sarcoma. This study identifies and provides mechanistic support for a particular susceptibility of synovial sarcoma to the combination of quisinostat and proteasome inhibition.</p></div

The synergistic effect of HDAC and proteasome inhibition is consistent within each drug class.

<p>Additional compounds of each drug class were tested in combinational synergy studies. Quisinostat, panobinostat (pan-HDAC inhibitors), and bortezomib, carfilzomib and ixazomib (proteasome inhibitors) were studied in all combinations in the SYO-1 (A) and MoJo (B) SS18-SSX containing cell lines. CI values are less than 1 in these synovial sarcoma cell lines. CI values were calculated using the Chou-Talalay-designed program CompuSyn. Error bars represent standard error of mean from conditions performed in triplicate.</p

HDAC and proteasome inhibition leads to apoptosis via pro-apoptosis protein activation, ROS production and caspase activation.

<p>(A) Pro-apoptotic proteins BIM and BIK are upregulated by both quisinostat and bortezomib, and the drug combination elicits phosphorylation of anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 in SYO-1 cells. (B) Cleavage of caspase 3 occurs following treatment with the drug combination in synovial sarcoma cell lines, demonstrated by staining with IncuCyte™ Kinetic Caspase-3/7 Apoptosis Assay Reagent, (C) inducing significant apoptosis as confirmed by Annexin-V/PI staining in the SYO-1 cell line (Q3: live, Q2: necrotic/late apoptotic, Q4: early apoptotic). (D) The low-dose quisinostat/bortezomib drug combination brings about a significant decrease in the viability of primary synovial sarcoma cells (83-SS) as compared to matched normal muscle cells derived from the same patient (83-muscle). Two-way ANOVA indicated a significant interaction between cell type and response to the drug combination (<i>p</i> < 0.05). (E) Tumor growth in a murine model of synovial sarcoma was significantly reduced by day 21 with the quisinostat/bortezomib combination treatment, as compared to the vehicle only control. (F) Taken together, the combination of HDAC and proteasome inhibitors results in dissociation of the SS18-SSX driving complex as well as aggresome inhibition, ER stress and ROS production, leading to apoptosis induction in synovial sarcoma. Statistical significance compared to vehicle treatment controls was determined by Student t test or two-way ANOVA where indicated: * denotes <i>p</i> < 0.05. Error bars represent standard error of mean from conditions performed in triplicate. Vinculin was used as a loading control for protein analysis.</p

HDAC inhibition by quisinostat synergizes with proteasome inhibition to decrease synovial sarcoma cell viability.

<p>(A) In all synovial sarcoma cell lines, but not HEK293T controls, the addition of 0.005 μM of bortezomib results in a downshift of approximately a full log of quisinostat, decreasing the amount of drug required to achieve the same effect as the HDAC inhibitor alone. (B) Isobologram analysis demonstrates synergy of these drug classes in synovial sarcoma cell lines (but not HEK293T controls), as increasing concentration combinations fall below the additive isoboles. (C) Combination index (CI) values calculated for the combination of bortezomib and quisinostat in synovial sarcoma are significantly less than 1, indicating synergy of the compounds is occurring in all six synovial sarcoma cell lines (but not HEK293T controls). Isobolograms and CI values were calculated using the Chou-Talalay-designed program CompuSyn. Statistical significance compared to vehicle treatment controls was determined by Student t test: * denotes <i>p</i> < 0.05; ** denotes <i>p</i> < 0.01; *** denotes <i>p</i> < 0.001. Error bars represent standard error of mean from conditions performed in triplicate. </p

High-throughput drug screen reveals HDAC and proteasome inhibitors as potent drug classes against synovial sarcoma.

<p>(A) Compounds resulting in measured relative cell viability of less than 50% are annotated as hits (blue). Y-axis denotes drug target classes arranged in alphabetical order. (B) The top 40 drug screen hits out of the 900 compound screen represented by drug target class, demonstrate HDAC inhibitors as the most abundant hits in the screen. (C) Compounds that brought about greater than 90% decreased relative cell viability were scored as 1 (+++), 75.1–90% as 0.5 (++), 50–75% as 0.25 (+) and less than 50% as 0 (-). Total score across the six cell lines was calculated out of 6. (D) IC₅₀ measurements were calculated for drug screen hits quisinostat (HDAC inhibitor), BGT-226 (PI3K/mTOR inhibitor), bortezomib (proteasome inhibitor) as compared with the current standard for synovial sarcoma treatment doxorubicin (cytotoxic DNA/RNA intercalating agent and topoisomerase inhibitor), in a panel of six human SS18-SSX positive cell lines and two control cell lines (HEK293T, MCF7). Error bars signify standard error of mean from conditions performed in triplicate.</p

The SS18-SSX Oncoprotein Hijacks KDM2B-PRC1.1 to Drive Synovial Sarcoma

Summary Synovial sarcoma is an aggressive cancer invariably associated with a chromosomal translocation involving genes encoding the SWI-SNF complex component SS18 and an SSX (SSX1 or SSX2) transcriptional repressor. Using functional genomics, we identify KDM2B, a histone demethylase and component of a non-canonical polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1.1), as selectively required for sustaining synovial sarcoma cell transformation. SS18-SSX1 physically interacts with PRC1.1 and co-associates with SWI/SNF and KDM2B complexes on unmethylated CpG islands. Via KDM2B, SS18-SSX1 binds and aberrantly activates expression of developmentally regulated genes otherwise targets of polycomb-mediated repression, which is restored upon KDM2B depletion, leading to irreversible mesenchymal differentiation. Thus, SS18-SSX1 deregulates developmental programs to drive transformation by hijacking a transcriptional repressive complex to aberrantly activate gene expression