Overexpression of flv3 improves photosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 by enhancement of alternative electron flow

markdownabstract__Abstract__ _Book summary_: Experts are increasingly relied on in decision-making processes at international and European levels. Their involvement in those processes, however, is contested. This timely book on the role of 'experts' provides a broad-gauged analysis of the issues raised by their involvement in decision-making processes. The chapters explore three main recurring themes: the rationales for involving experts and ensuing legitimacy problems; the individual and collective dimensions of expert involvement in decision making; and experts and politics and the politics of expertise. With contributions from leading scholars and practitioners, they theorize the experts' involvement in general and address their role in the policy areas of environment, trade, human rights, migration, financial regulation, and agencification in the European Union

Low Temperature Heteroepitaxial Growth of a New Phase Lead Zirconate Titanate Film on Si Substrate with an Epitaxial (ZrO_2)_<1-x>(Y_2O_3)_x Buffer Layer

We investigated the crystalline and electrical properties of heteroepitaxial lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films grown on Si covered with epitaxial (100) (ZrO_2)_(Y_2O_3)_x (YSZ) buffer layers. The PZT films were prepared by reactive sputtering. When the substrate temperature was between 400 and 485°C, we obtained a heteroepitaxial (110) oriented monoclinic PZT (m-PZT) film which was metastable. The lattice parameters were as follows: a=b=0.379 nm, c= 0.521 nm and γ=81.3°. The m-PZT film had a larger oxygen composition ratio O/(Zr+Ti) of 3.2 to 3.8 than the perovskite phase. Although the resistivity of the as-grown m-PZT film was much lower than that of the normal perovskite phase, it was increased by two to five orders of magnitude by a step-annealing process of 300°C for 120 min, 325°C for 120 min and 350°C for 180 min in sequence. From the C?V characteristics of the step-annealed m-PZT/YSZ/Si structure, the relative dielectric constant was estimated to be about 45

Adsorption of Cd(II) on activated carbon fiber prepared from polyacrylonitrile (PAN)

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based activated carbon fiber (PAN-ACF) was prepared with various temperatures of both air treatment (350, 400, 425 and 450 ?) and activation (850 and 900 °C). The observation for the surface nitrogen with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed the presence of quaternary-N and pyridinic-N on PAN-ACF. The rise in both the air treatment and the activation temperature increased the nitrogen content in PAN-ACF and also extended the specific surface area. The resultant PAN-ACF prepared at the higher temperature preferably adsorbed Cd(II). The amounts of Cd(II) adsorption were much greater for PAN-ACF than the commercial coal pitch-based ACF containing less amount of nitrogen despite that specific surface area for the coal pitch ACF was twice as great as that for PAN-ACF. The activated carbon fiber possessing greater nitrogen content in the peripheral of the graphite sheet was considered to be effective for the Cd(II) adsorption

Fate of lignin and polysaccharides components in rice straws following dilute acid pretreatment.

<p>Lignin aromatic regions were retained in the acid insoluble residues. Starch-derived components positively affected glucose, 5-HMF, and formate concentrations in the liquid hydrolysate.</p

Variations in the lignin and polysaccharide components in the 13 cultivars of rice straw.

<p>(A) Relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2D ¹H-¹³C HSQC-NMR peak intensities of raw biomass and the corresponding acid-insoluble residue (after dilute acid pretreatment) for the 13 cultivars of rice straw. ROI for which the RSD was <10.0 are indicated in blue and those for which the RSD was >2.0 are indicated in red. Fold-change increase or decrease is indicated by the shade of red or blue according to the scale bar. (B) Distribution of RSD values for raw biomass (blue) and acid-insoluble residue (red).</p

Comparison of ROI of NMR peaks of raw rice straw, Nipponbare, and the corresponding acid-insoluble residue.

<p>Left portion of figure shows NMR peaks of raw rice straw. Right portion of figure shows NMR peaks of acid-insoluble residue after dilute acid pretreatment of Nipponbare rice straw. NMR analysis was done using same amount of raw rice straw and the acid-insoluble residue.</p

Changes in Lignin and Polysaccharide Components in 13 Cultivars of Rice Straw following Dilute Acid Pretreatment as Studied by Solution-State 2D ¹H-¹³C NMR

<div><p>A renewable raw material, rice straw is pretreated for biorefinery usage. Solution-state two-dimensional (2D) ¹H-¹³ C hetero-nuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, was used to analyze 13 cultivars of rice straw before and after dilute acid pretreatment, to characterize general changes in the lignin and polysaccharide components. Intensities of most (15 of 16) peaks related to lignin aromatic regions, such as <i>p</i>-coumarate, guaiacyl, syringyl, <i>p</i>-hydroxyphenyl, and cinnamyl alcohol, and methoxyl, increased or remained unchanged after pretreatment. In contrast, intensities of most (11 of 13) peaks related to lignin aliphatic linkages or ferulate decreased. Decreased heterogeneity in the intensities of three peaks related to cellulose components in acid-insoluble residues resulted in similar glucose yield (0.45–0.59 g/g-dry biomass). Starch-derived components showed positive correlations (<i>r</i> = 0.71 to 0.96) with glucose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), and formate concentrations in the liquid hydrolysates, and negative correlations (<i>r</i> = –0.95 to –0.97) with xylose concentration and acid-insoluble residue yield. These results showed the fate of lignin and polysaccharide components by pretreatment, suggesting that lignin aromatic regions and cellulose components were retained in the acid insoluble residues and starch-derived components were transformed into glucose, 5-HMF, and formate in the liquid hydrolysate.</p></div