ABOUT RELIGIOUS SITUATION IN CENTRAL ASIA

This article describes a number of religious objects in Central Asia in Post-Soviet period of democratic reformations. Also the amount of religious objects in Kyrgyzstan in the ratio with growth of the population is considered. Information on religious institutions is taken from materials of the state organizations (statistical data on the population, development of religious institutions), in article also references are used. Also it is analyzed the data of number of religious institutions given about a ratio with the republics of Central Asia, with population. The saturation and a variety of confessional space some countries of Central Asia testifies to high degree of the religious freedom reached for years of democratic transformations. At the same time, prerequisites for emergence and an aggravation of interfaith contradictions and the conflicts, generally because of competitive fight for influence in society are created. The religious variety was created for the account: firstly an exit from an underground or the renewal of activity of a number of the religious directions which have earlier not gained official recognition and pursued by the state; secondly disintegration processes and split in traditional religion in region; in the third, vigorous missionary activity of foreign religious organizations, generally Protestant and pseudo-Protestant orientation, penetration into the country of the so-called new religious movements (NRM) of the western and east origin, and also wider circulation of earlier traditional religions in Central Asia. As a result the confessional pluralism became an important distinctive feature of a modern religious situation in the Kyrgyz Republic and in the countries of Central Asia.In general when carrying out religious policy in the region it is necessary to adhere to the international standards and standards the restrictive provisions entered in some republics haven't affected the rights of believers.This article describes a number of religious objects in Central Asia in Post-Soviet period of democratic reformations. Also the amount of religious objects in Kyrgyzstan in the ratio with growth of the population is considered. Information on religious institutions is taken from materials of the state organizations (statistical data on the population, development of religious institutions), in article also references are used. Also it is analyzed the data of number of religious institutions given about a ratio with the republics of Central Asia, with population. The saturation and a variety of confessional space some countries of Central Asia testifies to high degree of the religious freedom reached for years of democratic transformations. At the same time, prerequisites for emergence and an aggravation of interfaith contradictions and the conflicts, generally because of competitive fight for influence in society are created. The religious variety was created for the account: firstly an exit from an underground or the renewal of activity of a number of the religious directions which have earlier not gained official recognition and pursued by the state; secondly disintegration processes and split in traditional religion in region; in the third, vigorous missionary activity of foreign religious organizations, generally Protestant and pseudo-Protestant orientation, penetration into the country of the so-called new religious movements (NRM) of the western and east origin, and also wider circulation of earlier traditional religions in Central Asia. As a result the confessional pluralism became an important distinctive feature of a modern religious situation in the Kyrgyz Republic and in the countries of Central Asia.In general when carrying out religious policy in the region it is necessary to adhere to the international standards and standards the restrictive provisions entered in some republics haven't affected the rights of believers

Auger Recombination in Semiconductor Quantum Wells

The principal mechanisms of Auger recombination of nonequilibrium carriers in semiconductor heterostructures with quantum wells are investigated. It is shown for the first time that there exist three fundamentally different Auger recombination mechanisms of (i) thresholdless, (ii) quasi-threshold, and (iii) threshold types. The rate of the thresholdless Auger process depends on temperature only slightly. The rate of the quasi-threshold Auger process depends on temperature exponentially. However, its threshold energy essentially varies with quantum well width and is close to zero for narrow quantum wells. It is shown that the thresholdless and the quasi-threshold Auger processes dominate in narrow quantum wells, while the threshold and the quasi-threshold processes prevail in wide quantum wells. The limiting case of a three-dimensional (3D)Auger process is reached for infinitely wide quantum wells. The critical quantum well width is found at which the quasi-threshold and threshold Auger processes merge into a single 3D Auger process. Also studied is phonon-assisted Auger recombination in quantum wells. It is shown that for narrow quantum wells the act of phonon emission becomes resonant, which in turn increases substantially the coefficient of phonon-assisted Auger recombination. Conditions are found under which the direct Auger process dominates over the phonon-assisted Auger recombination at various temperatures and quantum well widths.Comment: 38 pages, 7 figure

The Burden of Disease due to COVID-19 (BoCO-19): A study protocol for a secondary analysis of surveillance data in Southern and Eastern Europe, and Central Asia

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has had an extensive impact on public health worldwide. However, in many countries burden of disease indicators for COVID-19 have not yet been calculated or used for monitoring. The present study protocol describes an approach developed in the project “The Burden of Disease due to COVID-19. Towards a harmonization of population health metrics for the surveillance of dynamic outbreaks” (BoCO-19). The process of data collection and aggregation across 14 different countries and sub-national regions in Southern and Eastern Europe and Central Asia is described, as well as the methodological approaches used. Materials and methods The study implemented in BoCO-19 is a secondary data analysis, using information from national surveillance systems as part of mandatory reporting on notifiable diseases. A customized data collection template is used to gather aggregated data on population size as well as COVID-19 cases and deaths. Years of life lost (YLL), as one component of the number of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY), are calculated as described in a recently proposed COVID-19 disease model (the ‘Burden-EU’ model) for the calculation of DALY. All-cause mortality data are collected for excess mortality sensitivity analyses. For the calculation of Years lived with disability (YLD), the Burden-EU model is adapted based on recent evidence. Because Covid-19 cases vary in terms of disease severity, the possibility and suitability of applying a uniform severity distribution of cases across all countries and sub-national regions will be explored. An approach recently developed for the Global Burden of Disease Study, that considers post-acute consequences of COVID-19, is likely to be adopted. Findings will be compared to explore the quality and usability of the existing data, to identify trends across age-groups and sexes and to formulate recommendations concerning potential improvements in data availability and quality. Discussion BoCO-19 serves as a collaborative platform in order to build international capacity for the calculation of burden of disease indicators, and to support national experts in the analysis and interpretation of country-specific data, including their strengths and weaknesses. Challenges include inherent differences in data collection and reporting systems between countries, as well as assumptions that have to be made during the calculation process.Peer Reviewe