Global ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon

48 páginas, 7 figuras, 7 tablas. -- S. Kathiwala ... et al.-- Proyecto CarbochangeThe global ocean is a significant sink for anthropogenic carbon (Cant), absorbing roughly a third of human CO2 emitted over the industrial period. Robust estimates of the magnitude and variability of the storage and distribution of Cant in the ocean are therefore important for understanding the human impact on climate. In this synthesis we review observational and model-based estimates of the storage and transport of Cant in the ocean. We pay particular attention to the uncertainties and potential biases inherent in different inference schemes. On a global scale, three data based estimates of the distribution and inventory of Cant are now available. While the inventories are found to agree within their uncertainty, there are considerable differences in the spatial distribution. We also present a review of the progress made in the application of inverse and data-assimilation techniques which combine ocean interior estimates of Cant with numerical ocean circulation models. Such methods are especially useful for estimating the air-sea flux and interior transport of Cant, quantities that are otherwise difficult to observe directly. However, the results are found to be highly dependent on modeled circulation, with the spread due to different ocean models at least as large as that from the different observational methods used to estimate Cant. Our review also highlights the importance of repeat measurements of hydrographic and biogeochemical parameters to estimate the storage of Cant on decadal timescales in the presence of the variability in circulation that is neglected by other approaches. Data-based Cant estimates provide important constraints on ocean forward models, which exhibit both broad similarities and regional errors relative to the observational fields. A compilation of inventories of Cant gives us a "best" estimate of the global ocean inventory of anthropogenic carbon in 2010 of 155 Pg C with an uncertainty of ±20%. This estimate includes a broad range of values suggesting that a combination of approaches is necessary in order to achieve a robust quantification of the ocean sink of anthropogenic CO2.Peer reviewe

Limno-biologi Perairan Musi Bagian Hulu di Provinsi Bengkulu dan Sumatera Selatan

Study on limno-biological aspect of the upper part of Musi river Basin was conducted in June, September, and December 1997. The objective of this study was to find out the characteristics of limno-biology of the upper Musi river as important factors for fishery management in the catchment area. Purposive sampling method by selecting 3 (three) research stations was applied in this study. Result showed that the range of water quality value such as temperature, water current, pH, dissolve oxygen, carbondioxide, alkalinity, hardness, conductivity varied in the range of 23-28°C, 0,40-0,80 m/second, 7,3-8,0 units, 8,26-10,58 mg/L, 3,09-6,18 mg/L, 33,62 mg/L, 60-112 mg/L and 28-43 umhos/cm, respectively. The abundance of benthic organism varied from 24 to 69 individu/m2 consisting of insect, gastropoda, amphiphoda and nematode. Drift organism were consisted of 5 groups i.e phytoplankton, zooplankton, fragment of insecta, crustaceae and plant fragments. Thirthy eight species derived from 11 families were caught during the study. There was abundancy tha their distribution was affected by the altitude. The number fish species was descreasing with increasing in the altitudes

The Influence of Celebrity Endorser Donna Agnesia on Buavitas Television Advertising Towards Consumer Perceptions in Pekanbaru

The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of using celebrity endorser Donna Agnesia on Buavitas television advertising towards consumer perceptions in Pekanbaru. The population in this research are all consumer of Buavita products in Pekanbaru. The number of samples conducted by using Hair et al with 108 people respondents using purposive random sampling technique. Data analysis methodused is descriptive and quantitative methods using multiple linear regression analysis by SPSS version 18.0. From the results of simultaneous testing (F test), indicating that all independent variables studied, namely credibility, attractiveness and suitability of the celebrity endorser Donna Agnesia jointly have a very strong and significant influence towards consumer perceptions of Buavita products in Pekanbaru. Partial regression test (t test) indicates that the attractiveness variables have a dominant influence towards consumer perceptions of Buavita products in Pekanbaru.Keywords: Celebrity endorser, credibility, attractiveness, suitability, consumer perceptio

On the rough Gronwall lemma and its applications

We present a rough path analog of the classical Gronwall Lemma introduced recently by A. Deya, M. Gubinelli, M. Hofmanov\'a, S. Tindel in [arXiv:1604.00437] and discuss two of its applications. First, it is applied in the framework of rough path driven PDEs in order to establish energy estimates for weak solutions. Second, it is used in order to prove uniqueness for reflected rough differential equations