Outcomes of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in pediatric cardiac surgery: A single center experience

AbstractBackgroundDeep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) is a technique used in the repair of complex congenital cardiac lesions that require aortic arch or pulmonary vein repair. DHCA has been linked to adverse outcomes and neurologic complications. Selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) may be added to DHCA to prevent neurological complication. Air embolism and hyperperfusion injury may be encountered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of simple DHCA and to outline the early outcomes especially the neurological ones.MethodsTwenty nine patients underwent surgical repair of congenital cardiac lesion with DHCA at a single institution from January 2010 to November 2015. DHCA was conducted with a target esophageal temperature of 18° and placement of an ice pack on the head. No selective perfusion was done. Demographic, operative and postoperative data were reviewed. Mortality, any neurological complications including seizers, coma, and stroke were recorded.ResultsThe mean age was 20.6 ± 8.2 months (range: 9 days to 154 months). The majority were males (20, 69%). The mean weight was 5.57 ± 4.2 kg (range: 2.3–17.5 kg). DHCA time was 20.03 min (range 3–52 min). There were three (10.3%) deaths. Two deaths occurred after Norwood operation, and one after interrupted aortic arch repair. None of the deaths were related to neurological injury. None of the patients developed seizers, coma, abnormal movement or neurological deficits.ConclusionsSimple DHCA without SCP is a safe, expeditious and reliable method for brain protection during repair of complex cardiac lesions, with acceptable outcomes

Custodiol versus blood cardioplegia in pediatric cardiac surgery, two-center study

Background: Cold blood cardioplegia is widely used as a method of myocardial protection in pediatric cardiac surgery. Operative interruption to administer cardioplegia and need for repeated administration and occasional direct coronary ostial cannulation are considered a drawbacks of this technique. Custodiol, a crystalloid solution, has been used in children as an alternative cardioplegia solution with the potential advantage of single dose administration with equivalent myocardial protection. We sought to compare the outcomes of cold blood cardioplegia versus Custodiol cardioplegia in pediatric cardiac surgery. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed between November 1st, 2013 and June 30th, 2014. All children who underwent heart surgery at two institutions with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegia were included. Patients were identified from a prospective database and additional data were collected from operative report and electronic and paper charts. Continuous data were represented as median and interquartile range, and tested with Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Categorical data were represented as proportions, and tested with Pearson test. A composite endpoint of all cause death, Low Cardiac Output Syndrome (LCOS), Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), and significant arrhythmia was analyzed with a multiple logistic regression model adjusted for complexity using the Risk Adjustment of Congenital Heart Surgery -1 (RACHS-1) categories. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: Blood cardioplegia was administered in 88 (57.1%) patients, and Custodiol cardioplegia was administered in 66 (42.9%) patients according to surgeon's preference. In the risk adjusted comparison of the composite outcome of all-cause death, LCOS, AKI and significant arrhythmia, Custodiol cardioplegia was found to be an independent predictor of an adverse outcome, OR 3.17 (95% CI 1.41–7.14, P-value = 0.0054). Conclusions: Custodial cardioplegia is associated with less optimal myocardial protection and higher adverse outcomes compared to cold blood cardioplegia in children undergoing cardiac surgery. A randomized comparison is warranted