Dynamic Modulation Yields One-Way Beam Splitting

This article demonstrates the realization of an extraordinary beam splitter based on nonreciprocal and synchronized photonic transitions in obliquely illuminated space-time-modulated (STM) slabs which impart the coherent temporal frequency and spatial frequency shifts. As a consequence of such unusual photonic transitions, a one-way beam splitting and amplification is exhibited by the STM slab. Beam splitting is a vital operation for various optical and photonic systems, ranging from quantum computation to fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy. Despite the beam splitting is conceptually a simple operation, the performance characteristics of beam splitters significantly influence the repeatability and accuracy of the entire optical system. As of today, there has been no approach exhibiting a nonreciprocal beam splitting accompanied with transmission gain and an arbitrary splitting angle. Here, we show that oblique illumination of a periodic and semi-coherent dynamically-modulated slab results in coherent photonic transitions between the incident light beam and its counterpart space-time harmonic (STH). Such photonic transitions introduce a unidirectional synchronization and momentum exchange between two STHs with same temporal frequencies, but opposite spatial frequencies. Such a beam splitting technique offers high isolation, transmission gain and zero beam tilting, and is expected to drastically decrease the resource and isolation requirements in optical and photonic systems. In addition to the analytical solution, we provide a closed-form solution for the electromagnetic fields in STM structures, and accordingly, investigate the properties of the wave isolation and amplification in subluminal, superluminal and luminal ST modulations

Book review: the cosmopolitan military: armed forces and human security in the 21st century by Jonathan Gilmore

What role should national militaries play in a globalised and interdependent world? In The Cosmopolitan Military: Armed Forces and Human Security in the 21st Century, Jonathan Gilmore examines how cosmopolitan norms have influenced the ways in which armed forces perform civilian protection and ensure human security. Sajjad Ahmed finds this a thorough, encyclopaedic account of the evolution of conflict resolution through cosmopolitan military engagement in the post-Cold War era, which will be of use to scholars of peace and security studies, conflict management and international politics

Combining Text Classification and Fact Checking to Detect Fake News

Due to the widespread use of fake news in social and news media, it is an emerging research topic gaining attention in today‘s world. In news media and social media, information is spread at high speed but without accuracy, and therefore detection mechanisms should be able to predict news quickly enough to combat the spread of fake news. It has the potential for a negative impact on individuals and society. Therefore, detecting fake news is important and also a technically challenging problem nowadays. The challenge is to use text classification to combat fake news. This includes determining appropriate text classification methods and evaluating how good these methods are at distinguishing between fake and non- fake news. Machine learning is helpful for building Artificial intelligence systems based on tacit knowledge because it can help us solve complex problems based on real-world data. For this reason, I proposed that integrating text classification and fact checking of check-worthy statements can be helpful in detecting fake news. I used text processing and three classifiers such as Passive Aggressive, Naïve Bayes, and Support Vector Machine to classify the news data. Text classification mainly focuses on extracting various features from texts and then incorporating these features into the classification. The big challenge in this area is the lack of an efficient method to distinguish between fake news and non-fake news due to the lack of corpora. I applied three different machine learning classifiers to two publicly available datasets. Experimental analysis based on the available dataset shows very encouraging and improved performance. Simple classification is not quite accurate in detecting fake news because the classification methods are not specialized for fake news. So I added a system that checks the news in depth sentence by sentence. Fact checking is a multi-step process that begins with the extraction of check-worthy statements. Identification of check-worthy statements is a subtask in the fact checking process, the automation of which would reduce the time and effort required to fact check a statement. In this thesis I have proposed an approach that focuses on classifying statements into check-worthy and not check-worthy, while also taking into account the context around a statement. This work shows that inclusion of context in the approach makes a significant contribution to classification, while at the same time using more general features to capture information from sentences. The aim of thischallenge is to propose an approach that automatically identifies check-worthy statements for fact checking, including the context around a statement. The results are analyzed by examining which features contributes more to classification, but also how well the approach performs. For this work, a dataset is created by consulting different fact checking organizations. It contains debates and speeches in the domain of politics. The capability of the approach is evaluated in this domain. The approach starts with extracting sentence and context features from the sentences, and then classifying the sentences based on these features. The feature set and context features are selected after several experiments, based on how well they differentiate check-worthy statements. Fact checking has received increasing attention after the 2016 United States Presidential election; so far that many efforts have been made to develop a viable automated fact checking system. I introduced a web based approach for fact checking that compares the full news text and headline with known facts such as name, location, and place. The challenge is to develop an automated application that takes claims directly from mainstream news media websites and fact checks the news after applying classification and fact checking components. For fact checking a dataset is constructed that contains 2146 news articles labelled fake, non-fake and unverified. I include forty mainstream news media sources to compare the results and also Wikipedia for double verification. This work shows that a combination of text classification and fact checking gives considerable contribution to the detection of fake news, while also using more general features to capture information from sentences

أسباب إختلاف المفسرين و التعامل معها من خلال تفسير النكت و العيون للماوردي في سورتي مريم و طه: THE REASONS FOR THE DIFFERENCE OF COMMENTATORS AND DEALING WITH THEM THROUGH THE TAFSEER OF MAWARDI (ANNUKAT WAL UYOUN) IN TWO SURAH (MARYAM & TUA-HA)

The one who examines the books of interpretation will find a difference between the sayings of the commentators when interpreting one verse. So knowing the reasons for this difference between them is very important, in order to know how to deal with this difference in the books of interpretation, especially when there are many sayings. And the disagreement regarding its acceptance or rejection is based on its reasons. As for the difference that was based on justified reasons and valid rules, then it is sound, it is permissible and acceptable. This research aims to study the knowledge of the commendable reasons on which the difference is built and the type of difference. Is this difference, diversity or contradiction? I chose the Tafsir of Al-Mawardi to take the different sayings from it through the two surahs of Maryam and Taha. The Mawardi exegete combined these various sayings in his interpretation without explicitly stating any reason. This research aims to study how to deal with it, that is, how to deal with these different statements when there are different reasons, do we accept them or not? And is it possible to combine these sayings when there is a similar reason in them. And do we prefer one of the sayings when there is a strong reason. The aim of this research is to find out the effect, that is, how did the reasons affect the meaning of the verse?

A study of food aid leakage in Bangladesh

The estimated average leakage in the Vulnerable Group Development (VGD) programme due to short ration and undercoverage is 8 percent of the total wheat allotment. These losses are low by international and Bangladesh standards, and are due, in part, to monitoring and evaluation throughout the system and women's empowerment at the union level to hold programme managers accountable." from Text

Acid maltase deficiency--Pompe\u27s disease

Mutation in genes encoding for proteins involved in glycogen synthesis, degradation or regulation results in various inborn errors of glycogen metabolism. The disorders that result in abnormal storage of glycogen are known as glycogen storage diseases (GSD). We report a rare and interesting case of a young boy who presented with generalized weakness and reduced muscle bulk since childhood. He was diagnosed to have acid maltase deficiency, also known as Pompe\u27s disease, one of the rare types of glycogen storage disease. The case is presented here in the form of a case study, including a review of the pertinent literature on the subject. This case has the potential to be the first reported case of such a disease from Pakistan (to the best of our knowledge)

Antimicrobial activity of tigecycline against nosocomial pathogens in Pakistan: a multicenter study

OBJECTIVE: To measure the in-vitro activity of various antibiotics including tigecycline against Gram negative and positive nosocomial aerobic isolates. METHODS: A total of 430 clinical isolates of both Gram positive (143) and negative (287) aerobic bacteria were used from 3 centres during the year 2006 and 2007. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using broth micro dilution panels. Antibiotic resistance was interpreted using CLSI guidelines. RESULTS: Most of the isolates were resistant to more than one drug. Resistance to tigecycline was not found. Tigecycline (1 microg/ml) had low MIC against organisms tested. CONCLUSION: This data indicates that tigecycline, a new drug in its class, has broad-spectrum in-vitro activity against both Gram negative and positive nosocomial isolates. Therefore, it may be a suitable drug to be used for the treatment of highly resistant nosocomial infections