The doctrine of Iʿjāz al-Qurʾān: Al-Ūdwī’s theory and contribution as found in the first chapter of his Nūr al-Īqān bi Iʿjāz al-Qurʾān

This dissertation is a study of the theory of Maulānā Muḥammad Ismāʿīil b. Maulānā Nabī Bakhsh al-Ūdwī, a respected South Asian Sindhī scholar (d. 1391/1970) with regard to the doctrine of iʿjāz al Qurʾān as found in the first chapter of his work Nūr al-Īqān bi Iʿjāz al-Qurʾān. The importance of this work lies in the fact that the author was an erudite scholar of Islam of South Asian Subcontinent, and his work is a significant contribution in the field of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān. The dissertation argues that Muslim scholars from early history of Islam developed the doctrine of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān to support the prophecy of Muhammad (PBUH). In order to demonstrate the inimitability of the Qurʾān, they stressed and focussed on literary style and form of the Qurʾān. Unlike his predecessors including al-Rummānī, al-Khaṭṭābī, al-Bāqillānī, al-Rāzī and al-ʿAlawī, al-Ūdwī adopted a new line of argumentation in support of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān. He stressed and focussed on the contents of the Qurʾān, although he did not overlook the literary dimension of the Qurʾān. This line of argumentation is distinctly different from his predecessors. As such, the dissertation examines his predecessors’ works on iʿjāz al-Qurʾān in order to show his significant contribution in the field

Situs ambiguous

The case of a female child is described who presented with recurrent respiratory infections and recurrent right subphrenic abscess. Detailed radiological work-up identified situs ambiguous abdominis with bronchiectasis, duodenal malrotation, umbilical hernia and spina bifida

Critical Analysis of Data Forwarding Routing Protocols Based on Single path for UWSN

In Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN); the sensor node is responsible to extract the valuable application based information from underwater environment. The application based information covers the applications like: tactical surveillance, assisted navigation, disaster prevention, offshore exploration, pollution monitoring and oceanographic data collection. The design of routing protocol in underwater environment is one of the challenging issues for researchers. This research article focuses the designing issues of the data forwarding routing protocols based on single path. In this article the designing of 2D and 3D architecture of routing protocols are discussed with their different issues. This article also focuses the analytical approach of proposed routing protocols with different parameters, the simulation scenarios of the single path routing protocols with critical analysis; and the open research issues; will help the researchers to further research in the field of routing protocols for UWSN

Routing protocols based on protocol operations for underwater wireless sensor network: A survey

Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is the well interesting area for research community due to its versatile applications like: ocean monitoring, underwater mineral extraction, tactical surveillance, marine internal wild life, offshore explorations and ocean monitoring. Majority of the researchers have used deployment and topological structure of the terrestrial Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for UWSN but almost these kinds of structures are failure due to the environmental conditions of underwater environment. This research article covers the dynamic structure, route discovery, route maintenance and data forwarding mechanisms of routing protocols based on protocol operations. This research further covers the analytical analysis and numerical simulations results of the routing protocols based on protocol operations and will guide to the researcher to further research in the area of routing protocols

Burden of Hepatitis B and C Infection According to Socioeconomic Status

Objective: To determine the burden of hepatitis B and C infection according to socioeconomic status.Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at medicine department of Peoples University of Medical and Health science study duration was 1 year from March 2016 to February 2017. All the hepatitis B and Hepatitis C infected patients with all age groups either gender were included in the study. All the selected patients were interviewed regarding history of previous surgeries, needle pricking history, tattooing, barber’s shaving and birth history to know the suspected transmitted risk factors. All the patients were also interviewed regarding socioeconomic status. All the data was recorded in predesigned proforma.Results: Total 200 cases were studied, most of the cases 110(55.0%) were found with age group of 31-45 years. Male were most common in this study 120(60.0%). Almost all of the male patients had a history of barber shaving, on other hand extra uses of needles/syringes were most common in both male and female as 125(63.5%) out of total study population. Hepatitis C infection was most common at 71.0%, hepatitis infection was 23.5%, while only 5.5% patients were with co-infection of HCV and HBV. The poor population is mostly infected by hepatitis B and C 48.0%. Patients having poor socioeconomic status were found significantly associated with hepatitis C infection p-value 0.001. No significant difference was in hepatitis B infection according to socioeconomic status p-value 0.282.Conclusion: It is concluded that poor socioeconomic status was significantly associated with hepatitis C infection. Socioeconomic status not a direct risk factor of hepatitis B and C, but it is significantly responsible to develop the other risk factors.&nbsp

Review on Localization based Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) can enable many scientific, military, safety, commercial and environmental applications. Majority of the network models has been introduced for the deployment of sensor nodes through routing schemes and methodologies along with different algorithms but still the design of routing protocol for underwater environment is a challenging issue due to distinctive characteristics of underwater medium. The majority of the issues are also needed to fulfill the appropriate approach for the underwater medium like limited bandwidth, high bit error rates, propagation delay, and 3D deployment. This paper focuses the comparative analysis of the localization based routing protocols for UWSN. This comparative analysis plays a significant attention to construct a reliable routing protocol, which provides the effectual discovery of the route between the source node and the sink node. In addition this comparative analysis also focuses the data packets forwarding mechanism, the deployment of sensor nodes and location based routing for UWSN in different conditions

RMEER: Reliable Multi-path Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is interesting area for researchers.To extract the information from seabed to water surface the the majority numbers of routing protocols has been introduced. The design of routing protocols faces many challenges like deployment of sensor nodes, controlling of node mobility, development of efficient route for data forwarding, prolong the battery power of the sensor nodes, and removal of void nodes from active data forwarding paths. This research article focuses the design of the Reliable Multipath Energy Efficient Routing (RMEER) which develops the efficient route between sensor nodes, and prolongs the battery life of the nodes. RMEER is a scalable and robust protocol which utilizes the powerful fixed courier nodes in order to enhance the network throughput, data delivery ratio, network lifetime and reduces the end-to-end delay. RMEER is also an energy efficient routing protocol for saving the energy level of the nodes. We have used the NS2.30 simulator with AquaSim package for performance analysis of RMEER.We observed that the simulation performance of RMEER is better than D-DBR protocol