Hydrogen energy–Potential in developing countries

Energy is essential for human life, societal civilization, and economic growth. Hydrogen energy has emerged as an important component of global energy policies and frameworks, especially in developed countries. This chapter discusses the potential for hydrogen energy in relation to hydrogen production in developing countries. The subsequent sections elaborate on the different sources of hydrogen production, technologies for processing paths, including thermal, electrolytic, photolytic, and fermentation processes. This chapter also focuses on the current and future challenges of hydrogen conversion to electricity. The extraction of hydrogen from renewable and nonrenewable sources presents an appealing potential to realize the maximum environmental value of hydrogen as an electricity carrier. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to provide the hydrogen production technologies followed by its present adoption status and future prospect in the developing economies

Monitoring of Groundwater Quality in Arsenic and Salinity Prone Areas of Jashore, Bangladesh

The groundwater contamination by arsenic is a large-scale pollution in drinking water history. Safe water supply is a big challenge due to critical hydrogeological situation and water quality problems in this area. The analytical results show that a range of pH, TDS, chloride, total alkalinity, total hardness, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron and arsenic were found between 7.50-7.23, 504.00-201.00 mg/L, 90.30-31.43 mg/L, 410.81-174.31mg/L, 616.47-202.97 mg/L, 52.59-13.28 mg/L, 17.13-2.87 mg/L, 108.57-44.53 mg/L, 83.87-22.29 mg/L, 1.78-0.01 mg/L, 11.78-1.45 mg/L, 0.42-0.02 mg/L, respectively. This study will help making a future plan for groundwater quality monitoring and its hydrogeological application for safe water source identificatio

Novel micro-structured carbon-based adsorbents for notorious arsenic removal from wastewater

The contamination of groundwater by arsenic (As) in Bangladesh is the biggest impairing of a population, with a large number of peoples affected. Specifically, groundwater of Gangetic Delta is alarmingly contaminated with arsenic. Similar, perilous circumstances exist in many other countries and consequently, there is a dire need to develop cost-effective decentralized filtration unit utilizing low-cost adsorbents for eliminating arsenic from water. Morphological synthesis of carbon with unique spherical, nanorod, and massive nanostructures were achieved by solvothermal method. Owing to their intrinsic adsorption properties and different nanostructures, these nanostructures were employed as adsorption of arsenic in aqueous solution, with the purpose to better understanding the morphological effect in adsorption. It clearly demonstrated that carbon with nanorods morphology exhibited an excellent adsorption activity of arsenite (about 82%) at pH 3, remarkably superior to the two with solid sphere and massive microstructures, because of its larger specific surface area, enhanced acid strength and improved adsorption capacity. Furthermore, we discovered that iron hydroxide radicals and energy induced contact point formation in nanorods are the responsible for the high adsorption of As in aqueous solution. Thus, our work provides insides into the microstructure-dependent capability of different carbon for As adsorption applications

Hydrochemical investigations of coastal aquifers and saltwater intrusion in severely affected areas of Satkhira and Bagerhat districts, Bangladesh Bangladesh

In this study, saltwater intrusion and hydrochemical process in the coastal aquifer system of Satkhira and Bagerhat districts, Bangladesh, have been investigated. The studied two aquifer systems are mostly affected by saltwater. Overall processes have been applied on 120 samples (per study area 60) to specify the mixing condition of saltwater types in both study areas. This research was run based on the seawater mixing index (SMI), GIS technique of spatial distribution modeling, statistical process (principal component analysis, correlation matrix analysis), geochemical bivariate plot, and ionic proportions. According to the analytical results, the Bagerhat district has greater levels of Cl, Na, total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC) than the Satkhira district. Hydrochemical analysis has shown that most samples discovered in the Satkhira district have Na–Cl facies, although this percentage is lower than Bagerhat. The spatial distribution of SMI on the Satkhira district shows 29%, 31%, 23%, and 17%, whereas in the Bagerhat district, it shows 16%, 23%, 26%, and 35% of freshwater, brackish water, moderately saltwater, and high saltwater or mixing of saltwater, respectively. Therefore, the overall intrusion process has been affected by long-term hydrochemical processes, such as water–rock exchange, sediment reduction, anthropogenesis, and ion interaction

Grey, blue, and green hydrogen: A comprehensive review of production methods and prospects for zero-emission energy

Energy is the linchpin for economic development despite its generation deficit worldwide. Hydrogen can be used as an alternative energy source to meet the requirement that it emits zero to near-zero impurities and is safe for the environment and humans. Because of growing greenhouse gas emissions and the fast-expanding usage of renewable energy sources in power production in recent years, interest in hydrogen is resurging. Hydrogen may be utilized as a renewable energy storage, stabilizing the entire power system and assisting in the decarbonization of the power system, particularly in the industrial and transportation sectors. The main goal of this study is to describe several methods of producing hydrogen based on the principal energy sources utilized. Moreover, the financial and ecological outcomes of three key hydrogen colors (gray, blue, and green) are discussed. Hydrogen’s future prosperity is heavily reliant on technology advancement and cost reductions, along with future objectives and related legislation. This research might be improved by developing new hydrogen production methods, novel hydrogen storage systems, infrastructure, and carbon-free hydrogen generation

Optimization of fuel properties in two different peat reserve areas using surface response methodology and square regression analysis

This study aims to optimize the calorific value with different fuel properties derived from two peat reserved areas. A total of 60 peat samples were evaluated using proximate analysis (moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content) of two separate studied areas. A quadratic polynomial of response surface methodology was applied to the entire set of subsequently studied results. Several analytical equations were used in linear and nonlinear terms to estimate the higher calorific value. Peat samples at Terokhada Upazila show a higher calorific value of 7.050 kcal kg−1, whereas the calorific value of peat sample at Bil Baghia in Madaripur found 5.800 kcal kg−1. The optimal calorific value of peat in both studied areas is 7.05–11.05 kcal kg−1 in Terokhada Upazila and 3.156–7.187 kcal kg−1 in Bil Baghia, Madaripur, respectively. Terokhada Upazila and Bil Baghia, Madaripur, exhibit analytical values of squares regression of (0.0068–0.1245) and (0.003–0.091), respectively. In addition, the standard deviations are found to be between 1.049 and 4.505 kcal kg−1 for Terokhada Upazila peat and between 0.1741 and 2.741 kcal kg1 for Bil Baghia, Madaripur peat, respectively. The RSM quadratic polynomial represents the optimization, and the coded equations are built for two research areas to precisely estimate the highest calorific value. These peats could be helpful to fuel sources if gasified or co-burned with other fuel resources to generate energy. Peat with a higher calorific value can be used as an energy source in the Bangladesh energy sector and globally

Energy challenges for a clean environment: Bangladesh’s experience

A significant progress has been made to increase electricity generation capacity in the country over the last decade. The electricity supply for growing demand is the foremost challenge of the government, as the country move towards the vision of middle-income status by 2021 and high-income by 2041. The energy security is the concern due the running out of gas supply soon. Despite significant progress on energy in recent years, the goal of access to electricity for all would not be attainable without implementation of a consistent national energy policy. Well-coordinated national energy policy is required to achieve sustainable development goals of the country. Priorities for action and regulatory framework of energy need to identify to overcome energy crisis. Long-term energy planning and private financing policy are also crucial to extend the pace of progress in the energy sector. This review provides insights into the energy policies at different sectors, notably coal fired electricity in Bangladesh. The results revealed that the effective and efficient CO2 emission could be reduced from power generating sector by introducing advanced fuel technologies and management system. Besides, higher thermal and mechanical efficiency can be obtained by initiating the combined power cycle systems in energy sector. The achievement in energy sector as well as challenges facing in ensuring sustainable energy is highlighted. The key challenges in the existing legal framework and substantial progress improving energy efficiency are also discussed in this review

Improving valuable metal ions capturing from spent Li-ion batteries with novel materials and approaches

Rapid growth in the market for batteries is imperative to meet global demand. The lack of economically feasible and environmentally benign recycling process for waste batteries may cause environmental crisis. Taking effective measures could reduce the waste-management challenge and maximize the economic benefits. In this work, environmentally benign citric acid with the presence of reluctant was used to recover cobalt, manganese, nickel and lithium from waste Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt oxide (NCM) batteries. Recovery of Co, Mn, Ni, and Li was optimized by varying the citric acid and H2O2 concentrations, the reaction temperature and duration. The recovery of Co, Mn, Ni, and Li were 87%, 90.5%, 93.5% and 96% respectively under the optimum leaching condition of 1.2 mol/L citric acid, 10 vol% H2O2at 95 for 120 min. Interfacial reaction controlled leaching reaction at low temperature was evident from the results of leaching kinetics with apparent activation energy of 3.75, 10.405.34 and 8.72 kJ mol1 for Co, Mn, Ni and Li, respectively. Importantly, the diffusion controlled leaching reaction was evident from the kinetic and activation energy measurement of leaching. The impact of different chemicals on the environment measured from the Biwer and Heinzle Method (BHM) revealed that the citric acid-assisted leaching process to recover valuable metals from NCM batteries was appeared lower environment impact compare to the other process reported in the literature. The high leaching efficiency and lower impact to the environment provides a novel approach for metal recovery of waste NCM batteries

Sustainable energy sources in Bangladesh: A review on present and future prospect

Bangladesh is a small country with its large population struggled with several challenges over the last few decades, including overpopulation, power grid disruptions, floods, and global warming. Sufficient rate of energy production is must for a developing country, but quickly expanding population and overall economic growth interrupt the energy sector. Renewable energy plays a vital role to contribute in this sector. For becoming an agricultural country biomass is an important sustainable energy source for this country. Organic crop residues, animal waste, and municipal solid waste are the most accessible biomass energy sources in this country. On the other hand, by using the membrane gas separation technology the quality biogas can be improved and it helps the environment from the toxic CO2 which is a major element of biogas. This study represents the extension, potential and innovations identified with the utilization of biomass assets. Besides the improvement of biogas also discussed in this paper. This paper also represents the various initiatives conducted by the government that are all relevant to biomass energy. This work further can be studies to innovate different biomass technology and to improve the quality of biogas