New Separation Axioms Using the idea of "Gem-Set" in Topological Space

In this paper, we create a new set of topological space namely "Gem-Set" and immersed it with a new separation axioms in topological space and  investigate the relationship between them Keywords: "Gem-Set", separation axioms

Adhesive Joining of Composite Laminates Using Epoxy Resins with Stoichiometric Offset

Polymer matrix composites are used in high performance structures because of their excellent specific strength, toughness and stiffness along the fiber. To realize the full performance advantages of composites, complex, built-up structures must be assembled with adhesive, but uncertainty in bond strength requires manufacturers to install bolts or other crack arrest features to ensure safety in critical applications. The inherent uncertainty in adhesive bonds stems from the material discontinuity at the composite-to-adhesive interfaces, which are susceptible to contamination. In contrast, composites made by co-curing, although limited in size and complexity, result in predictable structures that may be certifiable for commercial aviation with reduced dependence on redundant load paths.1 The pro-posed technology uses a stoichiometric offset of the hardener-to-epoxy ratio on the faying surfaces of laminates. Assembly of the components in a subsequent secondary-co-cure process results in a joint with no material discontinuities

Reliable Bonding of Composite Laminates Using Reflowable Epoxy Resins

Epoxy matrix composites assembled with adhesives maximize the performance of aerospace structures, but the possibility of forming weak bonds requires the installation of redundant fasteners, which add weight and manufacturing cost. Co-cured joints (e.g. unitized composite structures) are immune to weak bonds because the uncured resin undergoes diffusion and mixing through the joint. A means of co-curing complex structures may reduce the need for redundant fasteners in bondlines. To this end, NASA started the AERoBOND project to develop novel joining materials to enable a secondary-co-cure assembly process. Aerospace epoxy resin systems reformulated with offset stoichiometry prevented the resin from advancing beyond the gel point during a conventional autoclave cure cycle up to 180 C. The offset resins were applied to the joining surfaces of laminate preforms as prepreg. Two surfaces with complimentary offset resins were joined using conventional secondary bonding techniques. Preliminary efforts have indicated that the resulting joint has no discernable interface and appears as a conventional co-cured laminate under optical magnification. This report will discuss the initial work performed regarding formulation of the epoxy resin system using calorimetry, rheology, and mechanical testing

Simultaneous versus two stage surgical treatment of developmental dislocation of the hip with excessive femoral anteversion in children under the age of three years

Background: Delayed diagnosis and improper treated cases of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in presence of excessive anteversion of femoral head may lead to undesirable consequences including more extensive interventions with severe complications and functional disability. This study aimed to compare the clinical, radiological and complication outcomes of simultaneously versus two stage surgical procedures (open reduction and proximal femoral derotation osteotomy) in the treatment of DDH with excessive femoral anteversion among sample of Iraqi children aged less than three years old. Methods: A total of 26 DDH cases were treated in two groups (GI, GII) at Al-Wasity Hospital (Baghdad, Iraq) from January 2014 to March 2015. GI (15 hips) in 13 patients subjected to simultaneous open reduction (with/without salter osteotomy ) and proximal femoral derotation osteotomy. GII (18 hips) in 13 patients operated in two stages procedure; open reduction (with/without salter osteotomy) followed by proximal femoral derotation osteotomy 6 weeks later. Results: At the time of operation, the average age was 21.79±3.51months (range: 18-30). The mean follow-up period was 10.36±1.45 months (range: 8 -12). Statistically, the post-operative clinical, radiological and complication findings were not significantly different between the two groups. However, in post-operative clinical assessment (McKay's criteria), the satisfy results (excellent and good) were 93%  in GI and  88%  in GII respectively. Moreover, in radiological assessment (Severins grading), the satisfy results (excellent and good) were 94% in GI and 83% in GII respectively. Two cases of re-dislocation and avascular necrosis(AVN) were reported in GII. Conclusion: When the clinical and radiological findings of one and two stage open reduction and proximal femoral derotation osteotomy procedures are similar, the one-stage is more likely to overcome the two-stage in term of minimizing the cost, length of stay and the risk of AVN of femoral head

Assessment of Water Quality and Trophic Status of Duhok Lake Dam

This study is conducted in order to, investigate the trophic state of Duhok Lake Dam located within Duhok city, Iraq. Water samples are collected seasonally from three monitored sites during 2011. The parameters used for assessing water quality and trophic status level include: water temperature, pH, EC, TDS, DO, BOD5, nutrients, Secchi disk transparency, and chlorophyll a. The results reveal that DO is above 5 mg.l-1 in all sites, BOD5 value is within permissible level for domestic uses. Water quality considered as a hard type. High sulfate concentration is recorded during the study period. Trophic state shows that water type is classified as mesotrophic during autumn season, while it is regarded as eutrophic in other seasons. TDN/TDP ratio suggests that phosphorus is a limiting factor for algal growth. Based on IWQI, the water type is classified as excellent type for irrigation purpose

RECENT ADVANCES IN APPLICATIONS OF ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS OF DHOFAR, SULTANATE OF OMAN

 The Dhofar region of Oman is extremely opulent in plant biodiversity in comparison to other parts of the country. Most of the cultivated, medicinal and wild plants of the region are available in the mountainous side and hilly areas of Dhofar. The plants produce products from primary metabolism and others from secondary metabolism. On the basis of active constituents plants can be categorized into two groups:1. Medicinal plants and2. Aromatic plants.Over 250 complex chemicals have been recognized and extracted from herbal sources. In this review article, we discuss a selection of medicinal plants of the Dhofar region of Oman which are rich in active constituents and through recent reports discuss the application of the most active constituents. Among the medicinal plants of the Dhofar region, frankincense is also a well-known indicator of the region and has a unique position through its medicinal properties of its oil and gum resin

Simultaneous versus two stage surgical treatment of developmental dislocation of the hip with excessive femoral anteversion in children under the age of three years

Background: Delayed diagnosis and improper treated cases of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in the presence of excessive anteversion of femoral head may lead to undesirable consequences, including more extensive interventions with severe complications and functional disability. This study aimed to compare the clinical, radiological, and complication outcomes of simultaneously versus two-stage surgical procedures (open reduction and proximal femoral derotation osteotomy) in the treatment of DDH with excessive femoral anteversion among a sample of Iraqi children aged less than three years old.  Methods: A total of 26 DDH cases were treated in two groups (GI, GII) at Al-Wasity Teaching Hospital (Baghdad, Iraq) from January 2014 to March 2015. GI (15 hips) in 13 patients subjected to simultaneous open reduction (with/without salter osteotomy) and proximal femoral derotation osteotomy. GII (18 hips) in 13 patients operated in two stages procedure; open reduction (with/without salter osteotomy) followed by proximal femoral derotation osteotomy six weeks later.  Results: At the time of operation, the average age was 21.79±3.51months (range: 18-30). The mean follow-up period was 10.36 ±1.45 months (range, 8 -12). Statistically, the postoperative clinical, radiological, and complication findings were not significantly different between the two groups. However, in post-operative clinical assessment (McKay's criteria), the satisfying results (excellent and good) were 93% in GI and 88% in GII, respectively. Moreover, in radiological assessment (Severins classification), the satisfying results (excellent and good) were 94% in GI and 83% in GII, respectively. Two cases of re-dislocation and avascular necrosis (AVN) were reported in GII. Conclusion: When the clinical and radiological findings of one and two-stage open reduction and proximal femoral derotation osteotomy procedures are similar, the one-stage is more likely to overcome the two-stage in terms of minimizing the cost, length of stay and the risk of AVN of the femoral head

A generalized deep learning-based diagnostic system for early diagnosis of various types of pulmonary nodules

© The Author(s) 2018. A novel framework for the classification of lung nodules using computed tomography scans is proposed in this article. To get an accurate diagnosis of the detected lung nodules, the proposed framework integrates the following 2 groups of features: (1) appearance features modeled using the higher order Markov Gibbs random field model that has the ability to describe the spatial inhomogeneities inside the lung nodule and (2) geometric features that describe the shape geometry of the lung nodules. The novelty of this article is to accurately model the appearance of the detected lung nodules using a new developed seventh-order Markov Gibbs random field model that has the ability to model the existing spatial inhomogeneities for both small and large detected lung nodules, in addition to the integration with the extracted geometric features. Finally, a deep autoencoder classifier is fed by the above 2 feature groups to distinguish between the malignant and benign nodules. To evaluate the proposed framework, we used the publicly available data from the Lung Image Database Consortium. We used a total of 727 nodules that were collected from 467 patients. The proposed system demonstrates the promise to be a valuable tool for the detection of lung cancer evidenced by achieving a nodule classification accuracy of 91.20%

Experimental and Theoretical Study of Vacuum Cooling System

A vacuum cooling system and the parameters which affect on its performance were studied experimentally and theoretically. For the experimental study the rig was built up to studying the performance of cooling system in three cases. These cases are: Cooling water by vacuum only, cooling water in conventional method, and cooling water by vacuum with condensation. The experimental results show that the addition of a condenser to the vacuum cooling system leads to sweep of largest amount of generated vapor, also the time consumed for the process was decreased. The times required for cooling 45 g from water from temperature 29oC to 10oC for the three test cases were 4375 second, 3535 second and 263 second, respectively. Vacuum cooling with condenser is a fast cooling of three systems test, which is about (13.7 times) faster than the system of natural convection cooling. To work properly, the existence of condenser is very important in vacuum cooling. It normally removes the large amount of water vapor generation (about 94%). For the theoretical study, a computer program was built up by employing the governing equation to simulate the performance of the vacuum cooling system. The theoretical results indicate an acceptable agreement with the experimental results. Also, the results show that the decreasing of condenser temperature causes decreasing of cooling time according to the equation (t = 0.2031Tcd4 - 2.8958 Tcd3 + 16.406 Tcd2 - 21.104 Tcd + 313.39), and increasing the evaporation surface area leads to decreasing of cooling time according to the equation (t=1/ (0.0006*Area+0.0005)), and the increasing of water mass causes in increasing of cooling time according to the equation (t=7.2667*mass+14)