Electronic Record Authenticity in Evidence

With the adoption of the legislator to the principle of functional equivalent, the individuals dealing with electronic transactions became more confident in the electronic record as a tool used to save their procedures that are conducted through the electronic means , and where it has become possible to present electronic record as an evidence in the lawsuit , the judge no longer has the right to refuse the electronic record as an evidence as long as it includes the necessary conditions, and is provided on an electronic mean "which is the reason for which the court rejected the electronic record as evidence "By referring to the Electronic Transactions Law, we find that the legislator graded in the authenticity of the electronic record, by the difference in the type of signature associated with the electronic record until , we reach the state in which the electronic record is not associated with a signature . Therefore, a research will be conducted regarding the authenticity of each record separately, indicating the extent of the evidential power it has, in addition to the research for the adequacy of the provisions that the legislator applied to the electronic record and to what extent the electronic record as a means of. proof is able to dispense with the traditional means of evidence.Until we come to a conclusion that the legislator granted the electronic record th evidential power that it granted to the traditional means, by referring the determination of its evidential power to the general rules. However, we sometimes find that such a matter is not commensurate with the nature that the electronic record enjoys, especially when searching in the electronic commercial record .This study has been divided into two requirements. The first requirement discusses the cases in which the authenticity of the electronic record is presumed and the second requirement discusses the cases in which the authenticity of the electronic record is not presume Keywords: electronic record, electronic signature, unsigned documents, electronic commercial books, the principle of written evidence . DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/104-05 Publication date: December 31st 202

Analytical evaluation of adaptive-modulation-based opportunistic cognitive radio in Nakagami-m fading channels

The performance of adaptive modulation for cognitive radio with opportunistic access is analyzed by considering the effects of spectrum sensing, primary user (PU) traffic, and time delay for Nakagami- m fading channels. Both the adaptive continuous rate scheme and the adaptive discrete rate scheme are considered. Numerical examples are presented to quantify the effects of spectrum sensing, PU traffic, and time delay for different system parameters

Obstacles of Diversifying Funding Sources at Najran University and Proposals for its Development According to the New Universities System

Purpose: The objective of the current study is to investigate the obstacles of diversifying funding sources at Najran University in the light of Universities System No. 27 of 1441 from perspectives of academic and administrative leaders.   Theoretical framework: The importance of diversifying sources of funding for higher education is evident from its role in the quality of education, meeting the requirements for accreditation of programs and activities, and its effective presence in international classifications. Its multiple sources also help in relieving the burden on the state, in addition to preparing for local, national and regional development, in addition to its contribution to refining talents, unleashing youth energies, and providing them with life skills, through early training in practicing activity with the world of commerce and industry during university. In preparation for adopting their own projects.   Projeto/Metodologia/Abordagem: The researchers used the analytical descriptive method, and the tool consisted of a questionnaire of 40 phrases that were distributed to an intentional stratified sample of (90) of the leaders at the University of Najran.   Resultados: The results showed that the degree of obstacles of diversifying funding sources at Najran University, internal and external, is large;  with an average of (3.77). The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the sample’s response according to the variables (type of job, level of employment, years of experience), while differences were found in favor of theoretical colleges in their response to external obstacles and the questionnaire as a whole. And differences were found in favor of the PhD qualification in their answers to the internal and external obstacles and the questionnaire as a whole.   Social applications, applications, and research: This research is useful in enhancing directions related to modernizing the university’s financial, administrative, and academic regulations; In accordance with the University Regulations No. 27 of 2019, enriching alternatives to diversify sources of self-financing for Saudi universities, especially Najran University, and raising the relationship between the university and its environment to the level of partnership.   Authenticity/valor: Based on the results, the researchers presented a brief vision of diversifying funding sources at Najran University;   In order to ensure the interest of all parties, and to exploit the youthful energies of university students; To enable them to become entrepreneurs, realize themselves, contribute to the development of their universities and communities, and enhance governance; Involving relevant authorities in university decision-making

Novel Fine-Tuned Attribute Weighted Na\"ive Bayes NLoS Classifier for UWB Positioning

In this paper, we propose a novel Fine-Tuned attribute Weighted Na\"ive Bayes (FT-WNB) classifier to identify the Line-of-Sight (LoS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) for UltraWide Bandwidth (UWB) signals in an Indoor Positioning System (IPS). The FT-WNB classifier assigns each signal feature a specific weight and fine-tunes its probabilities to address the mismatch between the predicted and actual class. The performance of the FT-WNB classifier is compared with the state-of-the-art Machine Learning (ML) classifiers such as minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR)- $k$-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Na\"ive Bayes (NB), and Neural Network (NN). It is demonstrated that the proposed classifier outperforms other algorithms by achieving a high NLoS classification accuracy of $99.7\%$ with imbalanced data and $99.8\%$ with balanced data. The experimental results indicate that our proposed FT-WNB classifier significantly outperforms the existing state-of-the-art ML methods for LoS and NLoS signals in IPS in the considered scenario

Family systems: perceptions of elderly patients and their attendents presenting at a university hospital in Karachi, Pakistan

Objective: To know the present status of family systems in Pakistan, changes they are undergoing and implications of such trends on health of the elderly population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at the out-patient clinics, AgaKhan University Hospital, using convenience sampling method. Verbal informed consent was taken from the participants. The questions included demographic profile, satisfaction with current family system, opinions about changing trends of family systems, and their implications on health. Analysis was done using SPSS 13.0. Results: Four hundred subjects aged 65 and above were interviewed, out of which 226 (56.5%) were living in the joint family system (JFS), whereas 174 (43.5%) were living in a nuclear family system (NFS). A total of 77.5% respondents were in the age class of 65-70 years (mean=69).Majority were men (78%), married (78%), retired (55.8%) and with education below intermediate (61.8%). A total of 366 (91.5%) respondents were satisfied with their family system. 326 (81.5%) respondents said that the trend in family systems in Pakistan was changing and 318 (97.5%) of these subjects thought that it was a JFS to NFS trend. A decline in the proportion of JFS was seen with subsequent generations. 340 (85%) subjects said that a family system has a significant impact on health care. Conclusion: We have identified changing trends in family systems in Pakistan. Satisfaction with family system and the opinion about the role of a family system on healthcare is documente