Les deux usages des orthographes approchées : approche méthodologique et pratique enseignante

Résumé Le présent article constitue une note de synthèse qui porte sur la présentation des orientations didactiques qui sont susceptibles d’améliorer et de soutenir l’enseignement-apprentissage de l’écrit. L’objectif de cet article est de présenter la démarche didactique des orthographes approchées ainsi que son importance en tant que stratégie qui favorise l’apprentissage de l’écrit et en tant qu’approche méthodologique permettant aux chercheurs de suivre l’évolution de l’écrit chez les élèves. Cette méthode permet aux enseignants de bien s’adapter aux différences individuelles des élèves et de mieux suivre leur cheminement cognitif lors des situations d’orthographes approchées.   Mots-clés : orthographes approchées, approche méthodologique, pratique enseignante, enseignement-apprentissage de l’écri

L’appropriation de français écrit par des élèves arabophones du secondaire : une comparaison en fonction du gendre

Cette étude vise à décrire les différentes caractéristiques qui distinguent l’appropriation de l’écrit des élèves filles et garçons arabophones qui apprennent le français comme langue étrangère en Égypte. À cet effet, un groupe des 20 filles et un autre des 18 garçons de première année du secondaire sont soumis à une tâche d’orthographes approchées, dans laquelle les deux groupes ont été invités à écrire certains mots et une phrase. Ceci a été individuellement réalisé à quatre reprises à partir d’une rencontre semi-structurée et filmée. L’analyse des données recueillies a révélé que le genre des élèves peut avoir un impact sur certains aspects – la production des phonèmes, la combinaison des syllabes et la production des lettres dérivables et muettes –; qu’il n’avait pas d’impact sur certains autres – la mise en compte des aspects visuographiques des mots écrits et le recours au transfert langagier –; et qu’il peut avoir une influence sur les stratégies mobilisées durant les situations d’orthographes approchées.----The aim of this study is to describe the different characteristics that distinguish girls and boys – all first year Arabic-speaking pupils of the Secondary Schools who learn French as a foreign language in Egypt - in their appropriation of French spelling. To achieve this goal, a group of 20 girls and another of 18 boys were asked (on an individual basis) to produce some words and one sentence. This was done individually four times from a semi-structured encounter. The results of these tests raised that the gender of the students can have an impact on some aspects – the production of phonemes, the combination of syllables and the production of the derivable and dumb letters -; it doesn’t have an impact on others - consideration of the visuographic aspects of words and the production of the linguistic transfer; and it can have a little influence on the strategies used during the situations of the invented spelling

Similitudes et différences dans la production d’orthographes approchées en français chez des élèves arabophones en contexte d’éducation préscolaire et d’enseignement secondaire

La présente étude traite de l’influence du facteur de l’âge de l’apprenti sur l’appropriation de l’écrit et sur le transfert langagier, et ceci, en français langue seconde/étrangère. Pour ce faire, une comparaison est effectuée entre deux groupes : un groupe des élèves arabophones égyptiens du secondaire (N=30) et un autre groupe de quatre enfants arabophones du préscolaire au Québec. Les deux cohortes ont été individuellement soumises à une épreuve écrite dans le cadre d’une rencontre semi-structurée. Les résultats démontrent que les performances écrites des élèves du secondaire sont significativement plus réussies que celles des enfants, que les élèves du secondaire sont les plus susceptibles d’utiliser leurs connaissances antérieures et que l’âge de l’apprenant peut avoir un impact sur l’appropriation de l’écrit ainsi que sur le transfert langagier

L’étude du développement orthographique en français langue étrangère d’élèves arabophones du secondaire en Égypte

Résumé (109 mots)S’inscrivant dans le domaine d’études qui s’intéressent à l’appropriation de l’écrit, cette recherche longitudinale a pour objectif de décrire le développement orthographique en français langue étrangère d’élèves arabophones de primaire année du secondaire (N=30) en Égypte. Pour ce faire, les élèves ont été soumis à une épreuve d’orthographes approchées dans le cadre de quatre entretiens semi-structurés individuels. Les résultats de l’étude révèlent que les élèves manifestent des écritures phonologiques et orthographiques; qu’ils utilisent des stratégies phonologique, lexicale et analogique lors de l’écrit, et qu’ils ont produit un transfert langagier positif ainsi que négatif à partir des langues déjà acquises – l’arabe langue maternelle et l’anglais langue étrangère – vers le français.   

Comprehensive review of progress made in soil electrokinetic research during 1993–2020, part II. No.1: Materials additives for enhancing the intensification process during 2017–2020

This review is a follow-up to our previous review titled “comprehensive review of progress made in soil electrokinetic research during 1993–2020, Part I: process design modifications with brief summaries of main output”. In this review, we have summarized the material additives that are utilized for the enhancement of soil electrokinetic remediation (SEKR) efficiency within the last four years (2017–2020). This review has been divided into six subjects according to determined SEKR categories including removal of inorganic contaminants, removal of organic contaminants, SEKR enhancement using permeable reactive barrier (PRB), SEKR for solidification and soil improvement, SEKR enhancement using an oxidation process, and SEKR enhancement using bioremediation and phytoremediation. Various enhancement materials have been added to improve the primary endeavors of SEKR and the summaries of the output were included in this review. In the SEKR experiments in which inorganic and organic contaminants were removed, the process was evaluated based on the process driving mechanism, particularly electromigration and electro-osmosis. Once the performance of SEKR was inefficient, the SEKR processing was integrated with PRB, oxidation, and bioremediation for significant improvements in SEKR performance. Therefore, the primary aim of our review is to provide a comparison of material additives for the SEKR removal intensification process from 2017 to 2020 to provide a review of the past materials that improved the SEKR performances and to simplify future innovation. During 2017–2020, SEKR studies focused on inorganic and organic contaminants remediation, whereas, few SEKR studies have focused on solidification and soil improvement. The SEKR has been utilized for dewatering, but in this case, the materials added were limited. The insufficient of relevant information on this subject was our primary motivation to write this review

Design and Synthesis of Novel Thioethers Derived from 1,5-Diphenyl-6- thioxo-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-ones as Antiangiogenic Agents

Background: In attempts to discover new antiangiogenic entities, a novel series of thioethers derived from 6-thioxo-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4(5H)ones was considered and designed. Methods: Virtual screening was carried out through docking of the compounds into the vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 binding sites. Molecular docking studies were performed using Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm. Compounds possessing lowest ligand-protein pairwise interaction energies were synthesized and screened for their antiproliferative activities against five cancer cell lines namely MHCC97H (liver), MDA-MB 231 (Breast), Colo205 (Co-lon), A549 (lung), A498 (kidney) and IC50 values were determined for the most potent compounds. Additionally, they were tested for their antiangiogenic activities by testing their ability to inhibit Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC), cord formation and migration in response to chemoattractant. Results: Three compounds 2a, 2b and 5b showed significant antiangiogenic activities. The allyl thioether 2b was the most active with chemotaxis activity data nearly comparable to that of the positive control, TNP-470. Additionally, 2a, 2b and 5b, contrary to TNP-470, interfered with the migration of HUVECs in response to vascular endothelial growth factor rather than endothelial cells proliferation or cord formation. Compounds 2a, 2b and 5b were also investigated for their inhibitory effects on MMPs to investigate the relationship between their angiogenic activity and MMPs. Results revealed that compound 2b was the most effective MMP-9 inhibitor in this series. Additionally, compound 2b reduced the expression levels of VEGF and pERK1/2. Conclusion: Our results suggest that compound 2b is considered as a promising antiangiogenic agent by targeting VEGF and MMP-9. 2019 Bentham Science Publishers.Scopu

Exploring the cost-effectiveness of high versus low perioperative fraction of inspired oxygen in the prevention of surgical site infections among abdominal surgery patients in three low- and middle-income countries

Background: This study assessed the potential cost-effectiveness of high (80–100%) vs low (21–35%) fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) at preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) after abdominal surgery in Nigeria, India, and South Africa. Methods: Decision-analytic models were constructed using best available evidence sourced from unbundled data of an ongoing pilot trial assessing the effectiveness of high FiO2, published literature, and a cost survey in Nigeria, India, and South Africa. Effectiveness was measured as percentage of SSIs at 30 days after surgery, a healthcare perspective was adopted, and costs were reported in US dollars ($). Results: High FiO2 may be cost-effective (cheaper and effective). In Nigeria, the average cost for high FiO2 was$216 compared with $222 for low FiO2 leading to a −$6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −$13 to −$1) difference in costs. In India, the average cost for high FiO2 was $184 compared with$195 for low FiO2 leading to a −$11 (95$15 to −$6) difference in costs. In South Africa, the average cost for high FiO2 was$1164 compared with $1257 for low FiO2 leading to a −$93 (95% CI: −$132 to −$65) difference in costs. The high FiO2 arm had few SSIs, 7.33% compared with 8.38% for low FiO2, leading to a −1.05 (95% CI: −1.14 to −0.90) percentage point reduction in SSIs. Conclusion: High FiO2 could be cost-effective at preventing SSIs in the three countries but further data from large clinical trials are required to confirm this

Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19

Altres ajuts: Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC); Illumina; LifeArc; Medical Research Council (MRC); UKRI; Sepsis Research (the Fiona Elizabeth Agnew Trust); the Intensive Care Society, Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship (223164/Z/21/Z); BBSRC Institute Program Support Grant to the Roslin Institute (BBS/E/D/20002172, BBS/E/D/10002070, BBS/E/D/30002275); UKRI grants (MC_PC_20004, MC_PC_19025, MC_PC_1905, MRNO2995X/1); UK Research and Innovation (MC_PC_20029); the Wellcome PhD training fellowship for clinicians (204979/Z/16/Z); the Edinburgh Clinical Academic Track (ECAT) programme; the National Institute for Health Research, the Wellcome Trust; the MRC; Cancer Research UK; the DHSC; NHS England; the Smilow family; the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (CTSA award number UL1TR001878); the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; National Institute on Aging (NIA U01AG009740); the National Institute on Aging (RC2 AG036495, RC4 AG039029); the Common Fund of the Office of the Director of the National Institutes of Health; NCI; NHGRI; NHLBI; NIDA; NIMH; NINDS.Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care or hospitalization after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes-including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)-in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease