Contamination of Hospital Water Supplies in Gilan, Iran, with Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli,

This study is designed to determine the contamination degree of hospital water supplies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, and E. coli in Gilan, Iran. Samples were collected directly into sterile containers and concentrated by centrifuge. Half part of any sample transferred to yeast extract broth and the second part transferred to Trypticase Soy Broth and incubated for 3 days. DNA was extracted by using commercial kit. Four rounds of PCR were performed as follows: multiplex PCR for detecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Integron 1, and Metallo-β-lactamases gene; PCR for detecting Legionella pneumophila and mip gene separately; PCR for detecting E. coli; and another PCR for detecting whole bacterial presence. Contamination rates of cold, warm, and incubator water samples with P. aeruginosa, were 16.6%, 37.5%, and 6.8% consequently. Degrees of contamination with L. pneumophila were 3.3%, 9.3%, and 10.9% and with E. coli were zero, 6.2%, and zero. Total bacterial contamination of cold, warm, and incubator water samples was 93.3%, 84.4%, and 89.0% consequently. Metallo-β-lactamases gene was found in 20.0% of all samples. Contamination degree with P. aeruginosa was considerable and with L. pneumophila was moderate. Metallo-β-lactamases gene was found frequently indicating widespread multiple drug resistance bacteria. We suggest using new decontamination method based on nanotechnology

The Relationship between Financing Constraints and Conditional and Unconditional Conservatism of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange

The purpose of financial reporting is to present useful information to users. Information is useful if it has qualitative features including reliability and relevance. One of the components of the reliability of information is Conservatism principle. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between conditional and unconditional conservatism with financing constraints in companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange. To examine this matter, 107 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2010 to 2014 were selected. In this study, multivariate regression model and data panel were used. The results show that there is a significant and positive relationship between restrictions on financing and conditional conservatism. A significant positive correlation was, also, observed between conservatism and unconditional and financing constraints

The Effect of G-ORS Along With Rice Soup in the Treatment of Acute Diarrhea in Children: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: The world health organization guidelines for treatment of diarrhea in children emphasize on continued feeding together with prescription of oral rehydration solution (ORS) and supplementary zinc therapy. However, conflicting viewpoints exist regarding the optimal diet and dietary ingredients for children with diarrhea. Moreover, few studies have investigated the effect of rice soup along with ORS in the treatment of this disease. Objectives: This study aimed to explore effects of simultaneous taking of glucose oral rehydration solution (G-ORS) and rice soup in the treatment of acute diarrhea in 8 to 24-month-old children. Patients and Methods: This single-blind controlled clinical trial was conducted in the pediatric ward of 22nd of Bahman hospital, Gonabad, Iran between June 2013 and February 2014. Forty children aged 8-24 months with acute diarrhea were randomly assigned into an intervention group (G-ORS plus rice soup group) comprising 20 babies and a control group (G-ORS) of 20 children based on balanced blocking randomization. The variables under investigation were diarrhea duration, patient hospitalization, need for intravenous (IV) fluids and stool output frequency. Data was analyzed using independent samples t and chi-square test. Results: At the end of study, the time for treating acute watery diarrhea in the intervention and control groups were 21.10 ± 8.81 and 34.55 ± 5.82 hours (P < 0.001) and hospital stay were 34.05 ± 6.62 and 40.20 ± 6.32 hours (P = 0.005). Moreover, stool output frequency were 4.20 ± 0.95 and 8.00 ± 1.37 (P < 0.001) in the first 24 hours, and 2.18 ± 0.60 and 2.80 ± 0.76 (P = 0.03) in the second 24 hours of treatment in intervention and control groups, respectively. Conclusions: Rice soup regimen was highly effective and inexpensive in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children. Thus, in addition to the common treatment by G-ORS, rice soup can be consumed simultaneously with G-ORS

Reliability assessment for hybrid systems of advanced treatment units of industrial wastewater reuse using combined event tree and fuzzy fault tree analyses

Advanced treatment units (ATUs) are highly recommended for industrial wastewater reuse in the developing countries especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Reliability of a hybrid treatment system comprised of a number of individual ATUs remains blur due to lack of conceptual framework, collected data or experience in failure performance analsis of these treatment systems. This paper presents a new methodological framework for assessing reliability of hybrid system alternatives in industrial wastewater treatment by using combined event tree analysis (ETA) and fault tree analysis (FTA). The framework comprises three major steps: (1) identification of feasible alternatives; (2) reliability analysis assessment using combined FTA and ETA with fuzzy logic techniques to calculate first failure probability of individual ATUs and then reliability of each hybrid system alternative; (3) prioritisation of alternatives. Failure probability rate of events in FTA is determined by experts’ judgement. The suggested framework is demonstrated through its application to a real case study of wastewater treatment plants of industrial parks in Iran. The results show the highest failure probabilities are reverse osmosis unit with 30% and ozonation unit with 24%, while coagulation and flotation unit has the lowest failure probability of 5.4%. The most reliable alternative of hybrid system is comprised of sand filter + activated carbon + micro filter + ultra-filter + ion exchange with 74.82% reliability. Results in this study also show that selecting ATUs with higher removal efficiencies or rate of acceptable scenarios to form a hybrid ATU system cannot necessarily lead to a more reliable hybrid system without performing suggested FTA and ETA in this paper

Comparing the Effect of Hypnosis and Local Anesthesia Injection on Induction of Local Anesthesia, Anxiety, Hemorrhage and Pain Control during Tooth Extraction

There are cases in dentistry that despite the injection of local anesthesia, the desired numbness for tooth extraction can't be achieved or the use of common local anesthetic is contraindicated for the patient. Therefore, in these cases a complementary treatment can be introduced. The aim of this paper is to compare the effect of hypnosis and local anesthesia injection on induction of local anesthesia, anxiety, hemorrhage and pain control during tooth extraction. This randomized cross over trial research is carried out with 16 patients, with a mean age of 22 years and symmetric erupted third molars who were referred to the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery in Faculty of Dentistry of Rafsanjan University. For each patient the third molars on one side were extracted under hypnosis or local anesthesia and after a week on the opposite side under the other method. The Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to determine patients' anxiety level before and after hypnosis and injection. Pain was scored using VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) to measure hemorrhage volume. After surgery the patient was asked to bite a sterile gauze pad over the surgical site for 3o minutes and if the bleeding was more than slight ooze at, 12, 24 and 48 hours post operatively, they were supposed to mark it on the list. Data was analyzed using SPSS 19 statistical software. When local anesthesia was chosen the number of anesthesia cartilages used, anxiety level and pain intensity at 5 and 12 hours post operatively were higher than the time hypnosis was selected. (p0.050). At clinical aspect, it seems the success of hypnosis in induction of anesthesia was less than injection and as mentioned above there was no significant difference between the two methods in terms of hemorrhage in 24 and 48 hours post operatively. The result of the study indicated that hypnosis can reduce anxiety and postoperatively pain

A critical review of solid phase microextraction for analysis of water samples

The final publication is available at Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.029 © 2016. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/The review summarizes applications of solid phase microextraction (SPME) for water sample analysis. Official methods and standards of SPME in water research and inter-laboratory validation are discussed. A comparison of SPME with current EPA-approved methods from several analytical aspects is presented. The review also provides some perspectives of the recent development of SPME on sampling water using artificial river systems, in the passive sampling and on-site sampling. Recently developed configuration of SPME such as thin film microextraction and high-throughput applications (e.g. when used in a 96-blade configuration) are shown.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)Ontario Research Fund (ORF) [RE-WR-07

Progressive exhaustion: A qualitative study on the experiences of Iranian family caregivers regarding patients undergoing hemodialysis

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the burden of care for patients undergoing hemodialysis from the experiences of family caregivers. Methods: In this qualitative study, a content analysis approach was used for data collection and analysis. Participants were 16 family caregivers selected through purposive sampling from four medical education centers affiliated with Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Semi-structured interviews were held to collect data. Results: Four categories were developed as follows: ‘care challenges’ ‘psychological vulnerabilities’ ‘the chronic nature of care ’and “care in the shade”. The categories led to the development of the main theme of ‘progressive exhaustion’ experienced by the family caregivers during the provision of care to patients undergoing hemodialysis. Conclusion: Family caregivers have a significant role in the process of patient care, and this role leads them to progressive exhaustion; therefore, the overall health of the caregivers should be taken into account and more attention should be paid to their quality of life, social welfare, and satisfaction level. © 2018 Chinese Nursing Associatio