Engine Performance and Emission of Emulsified Biodiesel

An emulsion of biodiesel and water is one of the possible approaches that have been used to overcome diesel engine pollution. In this work, the performance and emission characteristics of a 4-cylinder diesel engine using pure diesel, biodiesel B20 and emulsified biodiesel were investigated. Emulsified biodiesel containing 5 % and 10 % water were utilize for the engine tests. During the experimental work, the engine was set-up at 2500 rpm and 20 % to 60 % loads. The result shows the reduction in NOx formation when the water content in emulsified biodiesel increased from 5 % to 10%. For the performance, there were no significant differences between the engine break powers measured for emulsified biodiesel containing 5% water and diesel fuel

Cyclic Variations of Combustion Characteristics in Diesel Engine Operating With B20 Blends with Alcohol Additives

Biodiesel is a renewable biological fuel which has higher density and viscosity as compared to mineral diesel. However, the simple approach to reduce the viscosity of biodiesel is to blend the mineral diesel with biodiesel. While the use of alcohol additives (ethanol and methanol) in the biodiesel blends fuel is to make lesser viscosity of the blend fuel. Different fuel properties produce different combustion characteristics of the blend fuels. Combustion studies on mineral diesel, B20 (biodiesel 20% + diesel 80%) and B20 blend fuels with alcohol additives (B20 E5 and B20 M5) were carried out using a Mitsubishi 4D68 multi-cylinder diesel engine. The combustion characteristics of an indirect injection diesel engine were examined by means of cyclic variation of peak cylinder pressure and mean indicated pressure (MIP). In-cylinder pressure was investigated for the various pressure crank angle history in this study. Statistical analysis of combustion characteristics for diesel engine have been carried out on three different engine loads; 20%, 40% and 60% at a constant engine speed of 2500 rpm using a combustion data of 200 cycles. The results show that at lower load, mineral diesel dominated the maximum peak cylinder pressure compared to other test fuels. However at higher load, B20, B20 E5 and B20 have surpassed mineral diesel for the maximum peak cylinder. It also remarked the variations of peak cylinder pressure of the test fuels influence most the mean indicated pressure (MIP) at three different engine loads

Greening airports: A methodological framework for site assessment and assessing solar PV potential

Due to energy intensiveness and carbon emissions, the aviation sector is under continuous environmental pressure. In this regard, airports have shown keen interest in solar photovoltaic (PV) technology to decarbonize their energy consumption. Implementing onsite solar projects in the airport is challenging due to various technical and safety aspects. Improper siting of solar PV arrays may adversely affect the safety of the passengers. This paper aims to develop a methodological framework for site assessment and potential estimation of PV projects in airport locations. The developed methodology is applied as a case study to seven Indian airports: Madurai, Goa, Raipur, Ahmedabad, Lucknow, Amritsar, and Dehradun. It was understood that the suitable area for solar PV projects on airport land depends on airspace restrictions, built area, and glare occurrence. On average, 30–40 % of the airport land is observed to be built area; hence, it is unavailable for land-based solar PV systems. Among the studied airports, the highest value of technical potential is observed for Raipur airport (21 MW). These conservative estimates provide baseline information for airport planning and development projects. This study is expected to be a reference material for energy specialists, airport stakeholders, and policymakers

Effect of PV material, texturing, orientation and tracking on glare impact: A simulation study from an Indian airport

There is a growing interest in airport-based solar PV systems. At the same time, there is the possibility of glare from the solar PV array, which is a potential aviation safety issue. This paper's main objective is to estimate the technical solar power potential of an airport and assess glare impact for six different scenarios of PV array. These configurations are smooth glass, smooth glass with Anti-Reflective Coating (ARC), light-textured glass with ARC, a variation of tilt & orientation angle, single-axis tracking, and dual-axis tracking. The potential for a land-based solar PV system is assessed based on vacant area and glare impact. The details of the airport site, solar PV array, and the position of observers are provided for software simulation. The occurrence and duration of glare for each scenario are simulated using ForgeSolar software. The impact of glare is assessed based on a standard set by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The technical potential of solar PV in the selected airport is estimated at 9.8 MW. Among the studied scenarios, the safe value of glare is obtained in Scenario 4 (variation of tilt & orientation angle) and Scenario 5 (single-axis tracking). In Scenario 4120 configurations of tilt and orientation angle adhered to FAA's solar glare policy. It is observed that the variation of tilt and orientation angle resulted in zero minutes of glare in several configurations. However, the energy output of the solar PV array was affected. The single-axis tracking solar PV system is expected to generate 35% higher electricity than the fixed-tilt system. Hence, it is concluded that Scenario 5 is the desired arrangement in terms of glare mitigation and energy output. This work will benefit aviation stakeholders for assessing the solar power potential and deciding suitable glare mitigation measures

A Novel tool for sustainability assessment of energy projects

A single sustainable performance index to measure the holistic performance of energy system has been formulated. This product is capable to overcome the drawbacks in performance assessment method of the available products. Technical elements in the tool have null upfront cost

Suitability analysis of solar tracking PV system in the airport based on glare assessment

Due to the concerns with harmful emissions, airports have a great interest in solar photovoltaic technology. On the one hand, the vacant land areas in the airport can house solar PV arrays. On the other hand, there is an aviation safety issue due to the reflections from the solar PV arrays. This paper aims to perform a glare analysis of a conceptual solar PV array for three different solar tracking techniques. This suitability analysis is carried out for fixed-tilt, single-axis and dual-axis tracking techniques using ForgeSolar software. It is observed that a single-axis tracking solar PV system is a suitable tracking technique for the selected site. This can be attributed to zero minutes of glare duration and the highest value of energy generation. In addition to compliance with the FAA’s solar glare policy, the single-axis tracking solar PV system will generate 40 % more electricity than a fixed-tilt solar PV system. Unlike previously reported studies, the results of this study strengthen the theoretical support for tracking solar PV systems in airport locations. The findings provided in this study will be beneficial to energy professionals and serve as reference material for tracking solar PV in airports

Experimental investigation of a diesel engine using waste plastic oil blends

Plastic have now become essential materials in the present world and implimentation in the industrial field is persistently rising. The aim of this project is to investigate the effects of waste plastic oil on engine performance and pollutant emissions. The engine test was conducted under constant engine speed of 1800 RPM and varies engine load of 20%, 40% and 60% respectively. The performances of engine were analyzed in term of brake power (BP), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). The effect of WPO on brake power was only dominant during low and medium engine load condition. WPO can reduce the BSFC of diesel engine except for high load condition. In addition, the formation of NOx and CO for WPO fuel blends were greater than D100 under all engine load conditions. Therefore, in conclusion, the implementation of WPO in diesel engine can improve engine performance but limit its effectiveness in terms of pollutant emissions

Comparative Study on Biodiesel-methanol-diesel Low Proportion Blends Operating with a Diesel Engine

AbstractIn this study, biodiesel (20%)-methanol (5%)-diesel (75%), biodiesel (20%)-methanol (10%)-diesel (70%), biodiesel (20%)- diesel (80%), and standard mineral diesel as a baseline fuel are tested in a multi-cylinder diesel engine. Those biodiesel-alcohol low proportion blends are investigated under the same operating conditions at 20%, 40% and 60% of engine loads to determine the engine performance and emission of the diesel engine. Overall, biodiesel-methanol-diesel blends show higher brake specific fuel consumption than mineral diesel. As methanol proportions in blends increase, NO emissions increase, while CO emissions are reduced. Also, biodiesel-diesel blend with 5% of methanol is more effective than biodiesel blend with 20% for reducing CO emissions

Comparison of the Cyclic Variation of a Diesel-Ethanol Blend in a Diesel Engine

Alcohols are renewable and sustainable second generation biofuels which are derived from various biomass feedstock sources. These fuels with similar properties to mineral diesel can be used as a blend or additive to improve the combustion characteristics and pollutant emissions in the automotive engines. However, different fuel properties characterize different combustion phasing parameters for the specific engine operation and test condition. This paper presents the preliminary results of coefficient of variations of IMEP (COVIMEP) and Pmax (COVPmax) for a diesel engine fuelled with mineral diesel (B0) and DE10 blend at full load both engine speeds of 1100 rpm and 2300 rpm. The influence of ethanol content in a blend of diesel on the cyclic combustion variations is explained in the calculation values of the coefficient of cyclic variation (COV). The experimental results showed the DE10 fuelling exhibited larger cyclic variations than mineral diesel (B0) at the same test conditions, owing to the reduction of combustion temperature during combustion phasing and lower reactivity of ethanol

Effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on a diesel engine fuelled with palm-biodiesel

Increasing global population in present years means more vehicle ownership which leads to the increasing of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and greenhouse gas emission. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are produced from the fuels which burned at high temperatures; contributes to the formation of ozone smog, harmful unseen particles, acid rain, and oxygen depletion that reduced the water quality. The use of higher oxygenated nature biodiesel as an alternative fuel also contributes to the increasing formation levels of NOx emission. In respond to the matters arise, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) has been introduced to control NOx emissions from diesel engines effectively which lowers the oxygen concentration in the combustion chamber. In this paper, an experimental study was conducted on a Mitsubishi 4D68 four stroke, water cooled DI diesel engine fuelled with neat palm-biodiesel operating with diaphragm exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Both biodiesel fuel and EGR are employed together to evaluate the engine performance and exhaust emission particularly NOx content. Tests were performed under a steady state condition where conventional diesel fuel was used as a baseline fuel. According to the experimental results, diesel engine operating with palmbiodiesel and EGR reduced the brake power output, decreased the engine torque, increased fuel consumption, decreased NOx and absolute slight increment in other emissions include CO2, CO, and particulate matters