Online) An Open Access

ABSTRACT In this research, the effects of various gibberellic acid concentrations (0, 25, 50, 150, and 450 ppm) on stem length uniformity, umbel maturity, and seed quality and quantity of the onion cultivar Azarshahr were studied. The treatments were applied when the first flowering stems emerged. Results of ANOVA indicated that this growth regulator had its greatest effects on the mentioned characteristics at 50 and 150 ppm, and that seed yield increased by about 25% through application of gibberellic acid at 50 ppm. However, in all, concentrations of 50, 150, and 450 ppm had the same level of effects. The effects of these treatments on the average number and length of emerged stems and on the time of umbel maturity were not significant, but the treatments had significant effects on seed quality and treated plants had higher percentages of normal seedlings and greater dry weights

Assessment of biochemical and physiological responses of several grape varieties under water deficit stress

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are a crucial crop globally, particularly in arid regions where water scarcity is a concern. This study investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of several grape varieties to water deficit stress. The research was conducted within the controlled environment in a factorial experiment with a completely randomized setup comprising three replicates. The first variable, irrigation, consisted of two levels: a 15-day water stress and a control group receiving irrigation maintained at field capacity. The second variable was the grape variety, encompassing a total of 15 commercial varieties. Water deficit stress reduced chlorophyll content in all varieties. ‘Bidaneh Sefid’ variety had the highest chlorophyll content (8.76 µg.g-1 FW). Furthermore, this variety demonstrated superior relative water content under stress (79.22%), whereas ‘Keshmesh’ variety exhibited such performance under normal conditions. The results illustrated a proline content range spanning from 48.48 to 61.01 µmol.g-1 FW. Notably, water deficit stress resulted in elevated proline content, with the highest mean observed in the ‘Khalili’ variety under such stress conditions. Water scarcity impacted grape traits significantly: reduced chlorophyll, relative water content, increased leakage, higher proline, carbohydrate, anthocyanin, and phenols, with varying antioxidants. ‘Bidaneh Sefid’ variety had most chlorophyll, ‘Khalili’ highest proline under stress, ‘Maskeh’ variety excelled in carbohydrate. ‘Fakhri’, ‘Filam Seedless’, ‘Shiregi’ varieties topped anthocyanins; ‘Khalili’ variety showed best antioxidant activity. The findings highlight specific grape varieties that exhibit desirable traits under water deficit stress, such as higher chlorophyll content, proline accumulation, and carbohydrate accumulation. These varieties could serve as valuable genetic resources for breeding programs aimed at developing drought-tolerant grape cultivars. Additionally, the identification of varieties with enhanced antioxidant capacity and anthocyanin levels holds potential for the development of grape-based products with possible health benefits

Criticism of the Relationship between Iranian Cinema and Mystical Classic Literature

Cinema is a modern art which has combined former arts and knowledge and has presented this to the audience with abundant attraction. Reflected thoughts in the past of eastern countries and especially classical literature of our country enjoy a spiritual theme. Reflection of mystical themes of classical literature in cinema works can be a means for linking thought with national art. In this research, in addition to presenting a historical-conceptual division, there is an abridged survey on mystical and spiritual thoughts of directors in our country and presented proposals for strengthening the relationship between cinema and classic literature. This study shows that there is no complementary and extraterrestrial linkage between spiritual thoughts of our past mystical literature and the art of cinema. Various factors influence this issue. The most important points are: suspicious look at politics to Sufism in iran،existence of different and controversial attitudes towards the thoughts and lives of mystics, attitudes of mystical concepts towards the mentality and their evasion from evidence, instrumental weakness of Iranian cinema for the plausible making of fantastic works and the opposition of classical and intellectual spectrums of the critics of Iranian cinema by making mystical works

EFFECTS OF SPRAY VOLCK OIL IN DIFFERENT TIMES ON THE CLUSTER CHARACTERS OF GRAPE (KOLAHDARI VAR) IN NORTH KHORASAN CONDITION

ABSTRACT In order to study the effect of Different Times foliar application of Volck Oil on cluster characters of grape (Kolahdari var) this experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in 2013. The first factor, the time of spraying as the major factor was carried out in three levels including one week before flower formation, one week after the full bloom and two weeks after the full bloom. Various concentrations of oil as the secondary factor had four levels including oil spraying concentrations of 0 (control), 0.5, 1 and 1.5%. The characteristics studied in this research included: cluster weight, length and width of cluster, the number of clusters and percentage of cluster thinning. The results showed that application of different levels of oil and its spraying time had significant impact on length and width of the cluster, cluster weight and the percentage of cluster thinning. (P ≤ 0.01) Generally, among various concentrations of Volk oil, using 1.5 % Volk oil one week after the full bloom had the greatest effect on the studied characteristics which caused reductions in the number of the cluster and hence increased length and width of cluster and their weights

Genetic Profiling of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Iranian Patients with Cystic Fibrosis Using RAPD-PCR and PFGE

Objective(s)Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most important cause of chronic lung infections and death in patients with cystic fibrosis. Determining the distribution of specific strains within patient populations is important in order to examine the epidemiology of the disease and the possibility of cross infection among patients. Materials and MethodsForty six Iranian patients with cystic fibrosis were studied for colonization with P. aeruginosa. Colony phenotype was recorded and antibiotic susceptibility to 11 antibiotics was determined using the disc diffusion method. Genetic fingerprinting was carried out by RAPD–PCR and by PFGE.ResultsForty five P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered from 31 patients including sequential cultures from 9 subjects. The rate of colonization increased with age. All isolates were susceptible to tobramycin and ciprofloxacin, 97.8% were sensitive to amikacin and piperacillin, 93.3% to gentamycin, 91.1% to ticarcillin, 86.7% to colistin, 80% to carbenicillin, 48.9% to cefotaxime, 26.7% to imipenem and 11.1% to ceftazidime. Genetic fingerprinting showed similar distribution profiles for RAPD-PCR and PFGE and the majority of the isolates had unique fingerprints. ConclusionNo relationship was observed between the obtained genotypes and antibiotic susceptibility profiles and common predominant virulent clones were not found among the isolates

Effect of Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on growth and nutrient elements of common hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) seedlings in Ardabil Fandoqlou nursery

The aim of present research was to investigate the effects of Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on growth (height, collar diameter, dry weight of root and shoot, total dry biomass and quality index of seedling) and nutrient absorption (N, P, K, Fe and Zn) in leaf of common hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) For this purpose, effects of three bacteria including Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter cloacae, alone and together, for 7 months on filbert seedling in pots containing of autoclaved soil under nursery conditions were evaluated. The results showed that the greatest height (26.88 cm), collar diameter (7.17 mm), leaf area index (23.87 cm2/g) and N concentration (2.81%) were observed for seedlings inoculated with all bacterial. The biggest root dry weight, root volume, seedling quality index and P concentration were observed in seedlings inoculated with P. putida (alone). The highest Fe and Zn were obtained in seedlings inoculated with B. subtilis and P. putida, respectively. Generally, according to beneficial effects of Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on absorption of nutrient elements and morphologic growth, P. putida, B. subtilis and E. cloacae are recommended for seedling inoculation, respectively. In fact, inoculation of root with Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (root engineering) can be an appropriate approach to produce healthy and strong seedlings in nursery and increasing success of plantation in disturbed and degraded habitats

EFFECT OF MEDIA AND INDOLE BUTYRIC ACID (IBA) CONCENTRATIONS ON ROOTING OF RUSSIAN OLIVE (ELAEAGNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA L.) SEMI-HARD WOOD CUTTINGS

ABSTRACT This study was conducted with the main purpose of determination of the most suitable IBA concentrations and media on rooting of Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) semi hardwood cuttings. A two factorial experiment was laid out a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications and each replication consisted of 12 cuttings. Treatments consist of five concentrations of IBA (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg L -1 ) and two rooting media (sand and cocopeat + perlite 1:1 by volume). Results showed that significant difference of the most the experimental treatments. The highest rooting percentage (97.22%), root number (7.15) and root length (12.67 cm) were obtained in cuttings were treated with 2000, 4000 and 1000 mg L -1 IBA in cocopeat + perlite rooting medium, respectively. There was no significant difference in most traits between 2000 and 4000 mg L -1 IBA except on rooting percentage. Finally our results revealed that 2000 mg L -1 IBA in cocopeat + perlite rooting medium was the suitable treatment for propagation by semi-hard wood cutting

Challenges and perspectives of child labor

Child labor is one of the oldest problems in our society and still an ongoing issue. During the time, child labor evolved from working in agriculture or small handicraft workshops to being forced into work in factories in the urban setting as a result of the industrial revolution. Children were very profitable assets since their pay was very low, were less likely to strike, and were easy to be manipulated. Socioeconomic disparities and lack of access to education are among others contributing to the child labor. Religious and cultural beliefs can be misguiding and concealing in delineating the limits of child labor. Child labor prevents physical, intellectual, and emotional development of children. To date, there is no international agreement to fully enforced child labor. This public health issue demands a multidisciplinary approach from the education of children and their families to development of comprehensive child labor laws and regulations

Evaluation of Zinc solubilization potential by different strains of Fluorescent Pseudomonads

Zinc solubilizing ability of Pseudomonas fluorescent was evaluated using zinc oxide, zinc carbonate and zinc sulphide in both plate and broth media assays. Forty bacterial strains and 0.1% of each chemical source in six replications were used. Colony and halo diameters were measured after incubating the plates for 48h in incubator. Zn solubilizing ability of 40 mentioned strains in three replications was studied with ZnO and ZnCO3 solutions in broth assay. The soluble zinc and pH were measured after five days. The results showed, only 8 of 40 strains could form clearing zone in plate assay. Halo diameter, ratio of the halo diameter to the colony diameter and area respectively for zinc oxide and zinc carbonate were as following, respectively: 0.60- 1.32 cm, 1.20-2.64 and 0.95-2.60 cm2, 0.13-1.70 cm, 0.27-2.99 and 0.31-4.10 cm2. There were no halos observed in zinc sulphide. The concentration of soluble Zn for ZnO was 28-625 mg/l and pH was shifted from 7.0-7.2 to 3.90-6.50 and for ZnCO3 was 247-753 mg/l and pH was shifted from 7.0-7.2 to 3.5-6.3 after 5 days of inoculation in 28°C

ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science EFFECT OF CADMIUM STRESS ON ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENT BEAN GENOTYPES

ABSTRACT Oxidative stress is induced by a wide range of environmental factors including heavy metals stress such as Cadmium. Therefore, antioxidant resistance mechanisms may provide a strategy to enhance metal tolerance, and processes of antioxidant responses to metal stress must be clearly understood. And also identification of tolerant cultivars and study of tolerance mechanisms to heavy metal stress is necessary in order to evaluate Cadmium stress effect on super oxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxydase activity, a pot experiment was done in the form of factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD) in research greenhouse of Islamic Azad University, college of agriculture and natural resources branch of karaj. In this experiment 6 bean seeds genotypes grew in greenhouse conditions in the soil consist of CdCl 2 with concentration of 0, 45, 90 mg/kg. The results of analysis of variance indicated that effect of Cd stress on above traits in different bean genotypes were significant. Thus, amount of SOD, CAT and GPX enzymes activities, in the highest level of Cd toxicity, were increased 146.2%, 96.2% and 92%, respectively in compared to control that these results can be the effects of tolerance mechanisms of plants against Cd stress. Mean comparison showed that Emerson and G-01437 genotypes have the most activity in the highest level of Cd toxicity by comparison with control. According to received results, increase in antioxidant activity in special genotypes is referred to the index of tolerance to Cadmium stress