Tests for covariance matrices, particularly for high dimensional data

Test statistics for sphericity and identity of the covariance matrix are presented, when the data are multivariate normal and the dimension, p, can be larger than the sample size, n. The statistics, derived under very general conditions, follow an approximate normal distribution for large p, also when p >> n. Simulation results, particularly emphasizing the case when p can be much larger than n, show that the proposed statistics are accurate for both size control and power. A discussion of the commonly used assumptions for high dimensional set up is also given, with the conclusions applicable in general as well as in the special case of high dimensional covariance testing

Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of fatty chain substituted 2,5-dimethyl pyrrole and 1,3-benzoxazin-4-one derivatives

AbstractFatty acids themselves have a number of biological properties and its easy intake by the human body will focus to the synthesis of many heterocyclic moiety substituted with fatty acid residue, to make more gradual intake of heterocycles in the human body. 2,5-Dimethyl pyrrole 2(a–e) and 1,3-benzoxazin-4-one 4(b–e) derivatives were synthesized, from cyclization of fatty acid hydrazide 1(a–e) with acetonyl acetone and from the reaction of fatty esters 3(b–e) with anthranilic acid in the presence of POCl3, respectively. All these compounds were characterized with the help of IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra. The synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial evaluation against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus SA 22, Bacillus subtilis MTCC 121), gram-negative (Escherichia coli K12, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and fungal strains (Candida albicans IOA-109) and were found to be good antimicrobial agents

The multilinear normal distribution: Introduction and some basic properties

AbstractIn this paper, the multilinear normal distribution is introduced as an extension of the matrix-variate normal distribution. Basic properties such as marginal and conditional distributions, moments, and the characteristic function, are also presented. A trilinear example is used to explain the general contents at a simpler level. The estimation of parameters using a flip-flop algorithm is also briefly discussed

Performance of wheat genotypes under osmotic stress at germination and early seedling growth stage

Sixteen wheat genotypes including local varieties were tested in completely randomized design with three repeats. Data were recorded at four different moisture levels by using polyethylene glycol (PEG)6000 on germination percentage, germination rate index, shoot length, root length, fresh weight of shoot, dry weight of shoot, fresh weight of root, dry weight of root, shoot/root ratio and analysed forsignificance. The genotypes differ significantly in response to the moisture stress. There were highly significant differences for all traits. PK-18199 gave the maximum germination percentage, germinationrate index, shoot length root length, coleoptile length, fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, fresh root weight, dry root weight and root/shoot ratio under all four moisture stresses. PK-18175 showedmaximum resistance against moisture stress while WAFAQ 2001 showed minimum resistance. AS-2002 and KC033 also gave the better performance under all four moisture levels for most of the traits atseedling stage. 99FJ03 gave maximum root/shoot length ratio while PK 18199 gave minimum value of root/shoot length ratio showing resistance against water stress

5-Chloro-2-hy­droxy­benzoic acid

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C7H5ClO3, contains two mol­ecules; both feature an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, both mol­ecules form inversion dimers linked by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds with R 2 2(8) ring motifs. The dimers are inter­linked by C—H⋯O inter­actions

Comparative antimicrobial activity of clove and fennel essential oils against food borne pathogenic fungi and food spoilage bacteria

Antifungal and antibacterial activities of essential oils obtained from fennel seeds (Feoniculum vulgare Mill) and clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum) were studied by agar well dilution technique. Both essential oils (EOs) from fennel and clove exhibited pronounced and varying degrees of growth inhibition against fungal (86 to 39%) and bacterial pathogens (42 to 20%). Fennel oil depicted significant and greater fungitoxicity in case of three fungal strains Alternaria alternate (7.7, 3.8 cm) Fusarium oxysporum (5.9, 4.1 cm) and Aspergillus flavus (4.5, 3.7 cm) except two Aspergillus strains, Aspergillus acculeatus and Apergillus fumigatus where clove oil showed greater inhibition zone (5.5, 5.9 cm) (3.5, 3.7 cm) respectively. A. alternate was found to be most sensitive strain, which growth was suppressed up to 86% by fennel seeds oil. Bactericidal activity of culinary spices was evaluated against five food spoilage bacteria namely: Pseudomonas syringae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp., and Aeromicrobium erythreum. Fennel oil was found fairly active against bacterial strains as compared to clove oil with highest antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (3.8 cm) and least against Gram negative bacteria E. coli (2.2 cm). The summarizing results from the present investigation showed that fennel seeds oil is a relatively stronger antimicrobial agent against broad range of pathogens as compared to clove oil, except in case of certain Aspergillus strains and E. coli.Key words: Food spoilage, anti-bacterial, pathogenic fungi, clove, fennel, essential oil

Octa­methyldi-μ3-oxido-bis­(μ2-thio­phene-3-acetato-κ2 O:O′)(thio­phene-3-acetato-κO)tetra­tin(IV)

In the centrosymmetric title compound, [Sn4(CH3)8(C6H5O2S)4O2], the central four-membered planar ring (Sn2O2) makes dihedral angles of 66.28 (12) and 77.43 (11)° with the heterocyclic rings of the bridging and monodentate ligands, respectively. One SnIV atom adopts a distorted SnO3C2 trigonal-bipyramidal geometry, with both C atoms in equatorial sites and the other a grossly distorted SnO4C2 octa­hedral or irregular arrangement. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are connected into pillar-like polymeric units making R 2 2(12) ring motifs due to inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions. C–H⋯π inter­actions are also present. The O atoms of the chelating ligands and the S atom of the monodentate ligand are disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.65 (6):0.35 (6) rati

A Case Study: The Development of Calligraphy Education in Yogyakarta Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the development and determine the perspective of calligraphy education in Yogyakarta. This research uses a qualitative approach with case studies to obtain a deep and comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon experienced by the research subject. The results showed that the development of calligraphy education was seen at three points of concentration; first, Islamic Higher Education (PTAI); second, in Islamic boarding schools or Islamic-based schools, as one of the learning curriculum materials for students; third; non-institutional calligraphy coaching. This study also contributes to an overview of the dynamics of the development of contemporary Islamic calligraphy in Yogyakarta. It appears a long process passed towards a work that can be enjoyed and deserves to be appreciated

5-(4-Fluoro­phen­yl)-5-methyl­imidazolidine-2,4-dione

In the title compound, C10H9FN2O2, the dihedral angle between the hydantoin unit and the benzene ring is 65.55 (5)°. The atoms in the hydantoin ring are coplanar, with a mean deviation of 0.015 Å and a maximum deviation of 0.075 (2) Å for one carbonyl O atom. N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into one-dimensional chains, with one carbonyl group acting as a bifurcated acceptor and the other accepting no hydrogen bonds

Tetra­kis(μ-2-methyl­benzoato-κ2 O:O′)bis­[(methanol-κO)copper(II)]

In the title compound, [Cu2(C8H7O2)4(CH3OH)2], the Cu—O bond distances are in the range 1.943 (2)–2.149 (2) Å within a sligthly distorted square-pyramidal coordination. The Cu⋯Cu separation is 2.5912 (4) Å. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked into polymeric chains propagating in [001] by inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π inter­actions