Functional MRI entropy measurements of age-related brain changes

As we age there is a decline in cognitive abilities such as processing speed, memory, executive function and reasoning. The basis for this decline is not well understood. In this study, the physiological complexity of resting state fMRI signals in a group of healthy volunteers was investigated. Twenty volunteers ranging from age 25 to 60 years underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Physiological complexity was measured by calculating approximate entropy (ApEn) maps for all volunteers. Maps were statistically analysed globally and regionally with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8) software respectively. Comparing the older participants (> 40 years) with the younger ones, the older group exhibited significantly lower signal ApEn in areas of white matter, grey matter, frontal lobe, sub-lobar, brainstem, limbic lobe and temporal lobe. Decline in fMRI brain complexity is a feature of normal ageing beyond the age of 40 years

The accuracy of pharmacokinetic parameter measurement in DCE-MRI of the breast at 3 T

The purpose of this work is to quantify the accuracy of pharmacokinetic parameter measurement in DCE-MRI of breast cancer at 3 T in relation to three sources of error. Individually, T1 measurement error, temporal resolution and transmitted RF field inhomogeneity are considered. Dynamic contrast enhancement curves were simulated using standard acquisition parameters of a DCE-MRI protocol. Errors on pre-contrast T1 due to incorrect RF spoiling were considered. Flip angle errors were measured and introduced into the fitting routine, and temporal resolution was also varied. The error in fitted pharmacokinetic parameters, K(trans) and v(e), was calculated. Flip angles were found to be reduced by up to 55% of the expected value. The resultant errors in our range of K(trans) and v(e) were found to be up to 66% and 74%, respectively. Incorrect T1 estimation results in K(trans) and v(e) errors up to 531% and 233%, respectively. When the temporal resolution is reduced from 10 to 70 s K(trans) drops by up to 48%, while v(e) shows negligible variation. In combination, uncertainties in tissue T1 map and applied flip angle were shown to contribute to errors of up to 88% in K(trans) and 73% in v(e). These results demonstrate the importance of high temporal resolution, accurate T1 measurement and good B1 homogeneity

Quantification techniques to minimize the effects of native T(1) variation and B(1) inhomogeneity in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the breast at 3 T.

The variation of the native T(1) (T(10) ) of different tissues and B(1) transmission-field inhomogeneity at 3 T are major contributors of errors in the quantification of breast dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. To address these issues, we have introduced new enhancement indices derived from saturation-recovery snapshot-FLASH (SRSF) images. The stability of the new indices, i.e., the SRSF enhancement factor (EF(SRSF) ) and its simplified version (EF'(SRSF) ) with respect to differences in T(10) and B(1) inhomogeneity was compared against a typical index used in breast dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, i.e., the enhancement ratio (ER), by using computer simulations. Imaging experiments with Gd-DTPA-doped gel phantoms and a female volunteer were also performed. A lower error was observed in the new indices compared to enhancement ratio in the presence of typical T(10) variation and B(1) inhomogeneity. At changes of relaxation rate (ΔR(1) ) of 8 s(-1) , the differences between a T(10) of 1266 and 566 ms are <1, 12, and 58%, respectively, for EF(SRSF) , EF'(SRSF) , and ER, whereas differences of 20, 8, and 51%, respectively, result from a 50% B(1) field reduction at the same ΔR(1) . These quantification techniques may be a solution to minimize the effect of T(10) variation and B(1) inhomogeneity on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the breast at 3 T. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc