IMPLEMENTACIÓN EN UN FPGA DE LA TÉCNICA DE MODULACIÓN APOD-PWM PARA UNA APLICACIÓN EN MOTOR DE INDUCCIÓN (AIMPLEMENTATION IN AN FPGA OF THE APOD-PWM MODULATION TECHNIQUE FOR AN INDUCTION MOTOR APPLICATION)

Resumen Actualmente, el uso de convertidores multinivel es de gran importancia en la industria debido a que se utilizan principalmente en el accionamiento de motores eléctricos y la protección de cargas críticas. Una parte central que influye en el buen rendimiento de estos es la técnica de modulación empleada, con la cual se generan los estados de conmutación de los interruptores pertenecientes al inversor. En este trabajo se lleva a cabo la simulación e implementación de la técnica de modulación Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD) empleando una tarjeta de desarrollo Altera Cyclone II. Primeramente, se lleva a cabo la generación digital de las señales moduladoras y portadoras mediante el uso de multiplexores en cascada. Posteriormente, se realiza su comparación por medio del uso de compuertas digitales. Finalmente, se analiza la calidad de la onda de salida tomando en cuenta los valores la distorsión armónica total, garantizando que se cumpla con los valores establecidos en la norma IEEE Std 519-2014. Lo anterior, utilizando un inversor en cascada trifásico de siete niveles con un motor de inducción de 1 hp como carga. Palabras Clave: Distorsión armónica total, FPGA, índice de modulación, inversor multinivel en cascada, técnica de modulación. Abstract Currently, the use of multilevel converters is of great importance in the industry because they are mainly used in the operation of electric motors and the protection of critical loads. A central part that influences the good performance of these is the modulation technique used, with which the switching states of the inverter switches are generated. In this paper is carried out the simulation and implementation of the modulation technique Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition, using an Altera Cyclone development board. First, digital generation of the modulating and carrier signals is carried out by the use of cascade multiplexers. It is then compared using digital gates. Finally, the output wave quality is analyzed taking into account the values of the total harmonic distortion, ensuring that the values set out in the IEEE Std 519-2014 standard are met. The above using the seven-level three-phase cascade multi-level inverter topology, with a 1 hp induction motor as a load.” Keywords: cascaded multilevel inverter, FPGA, modulation index, modulation technique, total harmonic distortion, VHDL

A Review of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems: Architectures, Battery Systems, and Optimization Techniques

This paper aims to perform a literature review and statistical analysis based on data extracted from 38 articles published between 2018 and 2023 that address hybrid renewable energy systems. The main objective of this review has been to create a bibliographic database that organizes the content of the articles in different categories, such as system architecture, energy storage systems, auxiliary generation components used, and software employed, in addition to showing the algorithms and economic and reliability criteria for the optimization of these systems. In total, 38 articles have been analyzed, compared, and classified to provide an overview of the current status of simulation and optimization projects for hybrid renewable energy systems, highlighting clearly and appropriately the relevant trends and conclusions. A list of review articles has also been provided, which cover the aspects required for understanding HRESs

An improved measurement strategy based on statistical design of experiments for a boost converter

This work presents a measurement strategy based on the statistical design of experiments to analyze the switching and conduction losses of the switches of a boost converter. The measurement strategy considers the measurement errors compensation and the reduction of sensors, but achieving a good quality and accuracy of the directly developed measurements. A very detailed analysis of the phenomena and parasitic elements of the circuit, which produce incorrect measurements of the variables of interest, is performed. Some recommendations are presented in order to take advantage, in an optimum manner, of the different interrupter–diode combinations that have been analyzed.Este artículo presenta una estrategia de medición basada en el diseño estadístico de experimentos con el fin de analizar las pérdidas de conmutación y de conducción en los interruptores de un convertidor elevador. La estrategia de medición considera la compensación de errores de medición y la reducción de sensores, pero asegurando una buena calidad y precisión de las mediciones realizadas directamente. Se realiza un estudio muy detallado de los fenómenos y elementos parásitos del circuito, que originan mediciones incorrectas de las variables de interés. Algunas recomendaciones son presentadas con el fin de aprovechar, de manera óptima, las ventajas de las diferentes combinaciones de interruptor-diodo que han sido analizadas

THD Minimization in a Seven-Level Multilevel Inverter Using the TLBO Algorithm

This paper presents the minimization of total harmonic distortion in a seven-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter with resistive load using the teaching–learning-based optimization algorithm. The minimization of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)is a challenging optimization problem due to the fact that nonlinear equations are involved. Recently, bio-inspired algorithms have become very popular approaches to solving various optimization problems in different areas of engineering. For this reason, the results obtained with the Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO)algorithm were compared with three other popular bio-inspired algorithms, the genetic algorithm, differential evolution, and particle swarm optimization. The comparative analysis, conducted by sweeping the modulation index, made it possible to obtain graphs and data on the behavior of the four analyzed algorithms. Finally, it was concluded that the TLBO algorithm is very effective and is able to solve the THD-minimization problem. Its main advantage over the other algorithms is the fact that it does not require control parameters for its correct operation in the solution of the problem

Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm Applied in Electronic Engineering: A Survey

This paper presents a survey of the articles published in the period 2013–2021 related to the application of the teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO), which reproduces the dynamics that occur in a classroom with the teacher and the student. This paper uses the algorithm to optimize some objective functions related to the design in the electronics field. A total of 62 papers were reviewed and some graphs were generated to summarize the most relevant of these articles. These have been classified into five categories based on the areas of electronic engineering, such as power electronics, control, electromagnetism, digital electronics, and analogue electronics. Electronic engineering has been becoming increasingly relevant in world technological development, for example, in electric vehicles or generating electricity from renewable energy sources to counteract the environmental impact that non-renewable sources generate. The TLBO algorithm has attracted the interest of a large number of researchers due to its efficiency, speed, and low initialization parameter requirements. This article is composed of two stages, the first is a summary of the information on electronics, in general, encompassing all its areas, and the second focuses on the algorithm applied to multilevel inverters; for each stage, graphs and tables are shown

Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm Applied in Electronic Engineering: A Survey

This paper presents a survey of the articles published in the period 2013–2021 related to the application of the teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO), which reproduces the dynamics that occur in a classroom with the teacher and the student. This paper uses the algorithm to optimize some objective functions related to the design in the electronics field. A total of 62 papers were reviewed and some graphs were generated to summarize the most relevant of these articles. These have been classified into five categories based on the areas of electronic engineering, such as power electronics, control, electromagnetism, digital electronics, and analogue electronics. Electronic engineering has been becoming increasingly relevant in world technological development, for example, in electric vehicles or generating electricity from renewable energy sources to counteract the environmental impact that non-renewable sources generate. The TLBO algorithm has attracted the interest of a large number of researchers due to its efficiency, speed, and low initialization parameter requirements. This article is composed of two stages, the first is a summary of the information on electronics, in general, encompassing all its areas, and the second focuses on the algorithm applied to multilevel inverters; for each stage, graphs and tables are shown

Modification of SPWM Modulating Signals for Energy Balancing Purposes

There is currently a growing interest in efficient power generation and transformation without increasing the cost and complexity of a system. One type of transformation is the conversion of energy from a direct current to an alternating current, which is used in various applications, for example, in photovoltaic systems. One of the elementary components of these systems is the inverter. However, there are several drawbacks in the design of these systems, such as the energy balance between their semiconductor devices. Therefore, it is important to study alternatives to balance the energy and thus achieve a positive impact on both the economic and reliability aspects of the system. This article deals with the study, design, and implementation of the modification of a modulation technique with reconstructed modulating signals, which aims to ensure the energy balance in each cell of a multilevel inverter and, at the same time, present better results concerning the different parameters of comparison established, such as harmonic distortion, percentage of unbalance, percentage of use of digital resources, and power transferred to the load