Application of caries assessment spectrum and treatment instrument for staging and evaluating treatment needs of an adult population - A hospital based cross-sectional study

Background: Application of caries assessment spectrum and treatment (CAST) instrument for staging and evaluating treatment needs of an adult population suffering from dental carious lesionObjectives: Study was conducted with aim of applying CAST instrument for staging adult urban Indian population according to severity of carious lesion and treatment needs required.Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 300 adult patients. After training session and calibration of examiner, all patients were examined for the caries experience and CAST codes were recorded on a structured proforma.Results: Of 300 adult patients, 18% (54) adults have healthy dentition denoted by codes 0,1, and 2. 12 % and 15.3% adults were in reversible premorbidity stage (code 3) and morbidity stage (codes 4 and 5) respectively. The largest number of adults 29.7% were seen in serious morbidity stage (codes 6 and 7) followed by 21.3% adults in mortality stage (code 8) requiring either root canal treatment or extraction and replacement of teeth as treatment needs.Conclusion: CAST instrument has been found useful in staging adult population suffering with dental carious lesion and evaluating their treatment needs. Moreover, CAST is easy to apply for staging the carious lesion due its hierarchical structure and reporting results in an understandable manner.Keywords: Adults; Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment; Dental Caries; Treatment needs

A Rare Case of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia Presenting as Pancytopenia

<p>Monoclonal gammopathy of any concentration. It's a variant of Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with Bone marrow involvement & IgM monoclonal gammopathy. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia constitute around 2% of hematological malignancy. It's rare slowly progressive disorder with clinical features of Anemia, Thrombocytopenia malignancy, hepatosplenomegaly & lymphadenopathy. The case is remarkable because patient didn't show any common clinical features of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.</p&gt

An Observational study to assess the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in Indian women

Aim: The aim of this study to encounter the gravity of the vitamin D deficiency problem throughout India so that the physicians take necessary caution and care in the diagnosis and treatment of Vitamin Ddeficiency.Methods:This was a prospective study conducted in a government teaching hospital located in Patna, Bihar, India from March 2018 to February 2020. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in our study the level of vitamin D was done in 840 women, irrespective of the clinical features by the method of electrochemiluminescence. Sunshine exposure was calculated as hours of exposure/day X% of body surface area exposed. Results:In the present study 840 women attending the clinic were taken for the consideration and the vitamin D level were done in them. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (level <20 ng/ml) was 68.24% among women with age <30 years and it was 56.97% among women with age >30years. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 90.19% among illiterate women and it was 41.60% among literate women. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 71.09% among non working women and 38.06% among working women.Conclusion:To reduce the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in India it is very important that the public and private sector work very closely with each other such as the cut off level for the vitamin D deficiency level should be revised in according to the need of the people of India as the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in our study could be the resultof our being over concerned and the internationally set up criteria for its deficiency. Keywords: Indian women, Prevalence, Vitamin D

To determine the prevalence of vitamin D among pregnant women and its impact on feto- maternal outcome

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is widely prevalent in all parts of the world. Pregnant women and neonates are highly vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D among pregnant women and its impact on feto maternal outcome. Methods: This was an observational study conducted in a government teaching  hospital located in Patna,Bihar, India fromJanuary 2019 to March 2020. Total 100 pregnant women aged 18-40 years old with gestational age >28 weeks were included in this study. Blood sample was taken during routine blood collection at the first prenatal check-up. Reliable serum vitamin D was measured in the extra blood sample using an enzyme immunoassay method. Results: 100 pregnant women with aged 18-40 year participate in the study. Among study subjects 44% were multigravidae and 56% were primigravidae. All women recruited for the study were >32 weeks gestation. It was found that 52% had insufficient Serum 25(OH) D concentrations and 16% were deficient for Vitamin D.The lowest 25(OH) D concentrations (insufficient levels) were found in those with only 1-2 hours of sun exposure (60%), and 50% had deficient levels. Highest concentrations (12.5%) were found in those with 2-4 hours of sun exposure. It was found that 67% of women studied took regular calcium supplementation throughout pregnancy.There were no significant association between 25(OH) D concentrations and maternal outcome. While 89% with normal vitamin D levels had no complications, 81.25% with deficient levels were uncomplicated. However, among women with hypovitaminosis D, 20.19% developed PIH, 19.71% had pre term birth & 3.84% developed GDM. Conclusion: Treatment of vitamin D deficient women and vitamin D supplementation is safe and is recommended for all women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Keywords: Vitamin D, Pregnancy, Low birth weight, Preeclampsia, Preterm, GDM

OHVIRA syndrome with Orofacial clefts: a rare association

Obstucted hemivagina with ipsilateral renal anomaly (OHVIRA) syndrome or Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWW) is a rare congenital anomaly consist of uterus didelphys, obstructed hemivagina, and ipsilateral renal agenesis. We are reporting an adolescent girl with orofacial defect who presented with lower abdominal pain. She attained menarche 3 months earlier and had a regular menstrual cycle with cyclical abdominal pain. On abdominal examination a firm, mobile tender mass extending from left iliac fossa up to umbilicus (24 weeks size) was found.  Lower border of mass could not be approached. Further evaluation with ultrasound showed enlarged uterus with collection with internal echoes and non-visualization of the left kidney. CECT showed absent left kidney and didelphys uterus with large left hematocolpometra with left complex adenexal cyst. Patient was posted for hematocolpos drainage and vaginoplasty. An unusual presentation of regular menstruation and nonspecific abdominal pain delays the diagnosis, which can lead to severe complications such as endometriosis and infertility

COCCIDIA AND GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE INFECTIONS IN SEMI- INTENSIVELY MANAGED JAKHRANA GOATS OF SEMI- ARID REGION OF INDIA

The coccidia and gastrointestinal nematode infections were monitored in 273 Jakhrana goats maintained at the Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India to study the prevalence rate and to determine the effects of various environmental factors on intensity of infection. The animals were reared under semi intensive feeding system. The fecal samples were collected and examined for a period of 2 years. The data on faecal egg/oocystes count (FEC/FOC) were analyzed by least-squares analysis after suitable log transformation (Loge FEC/FOC + 100). The prevalence and intensity of infection were determined in animals according to their ages (0-3 month, >3-6 month, >6-12 month and >1 year), sex, year and season of sample collection. The pre-dominant coccidia oocysts were Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae, and the major gastrointestinal nematode species identified as Haemonchus contortus The overall prevalence rates for coccidial and gastrointestinal nematode infections manifested as singles or concurrent states were 42.86 and 39.19%, respectively. The coccidial oocysts was highest (92.31%) in >3-6 month aged kids followed by >6-12 month (75.51%) and >1 year of age (40.86%). Females had higher occurrence (49.86%) than males (45.20%) for coccidial infection. The prevalence rate of oocysts was highest in rainy season (54.55%) followed by summer (46.0%) and winter (37.0%) season. The gastrointestinal nematode prevalence was 33.33, 0.0, 57.14 and 41.00 percent in 0-3 month, >3-6 month, >6-12month and >1 year aged animals, respectively. Seasonal prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode infection was 28.74, 67.27 and 13.98 percent during summer, rainy and winter season, respectively. Concurrent infection with Eimeria and gastrointestinal nematodes were found in 17.22% of animals and restricted to animals of >6-12 month of age and above. The overall least-squares means for GOPG (oocysts/g of faeces) and GFEC (eggs/g of faeces) were 268.71 and 74.16, respectively. The effect of age, year and season of sampling had significant (

Dynamics of faecal egg count in natural infection of Haemonchus spp. in Indian goats

Aim: Dynamics of faecal egg count (FEC) in Haemonchus spp. infected goats of two Indian goat breeds, Jamunapari and Sirohi, in natural conditions was studied and effects of genetic and non-genetic factors were determined. Materials and Methods: A total of 1399 faecal samples of goats of Jamunapari and Sirohi breeds, maintained at CIRG, Makhdoom, Mathura, India and naturally infected with Haemonchus spp., were processed and FEC was performed. Raw data generated on FEC were transformed by loge (FEC+100) and transformed data (least squares mean of FEC [LFEC]) were analyzed using a mixed model least squares analysis for fitting constant. Fixed effects such as breed, physiological status, season and year of sampling and breed × physiological states interaction were used. Result: The incidence of Haemomchus spp. infection in Jamunapari and Sirohi does was 63.01 and 47.06%, respectively. The mean LFEC of both Jamunapari and Sirohi (does) at different physiological stages, namely dry, early pregnant, late pregnant early lactating and late lactating stages were compared. Breed, season and year of sampling had a significant effect on FEC in Haemomchus spp. infection. Effect of breed × physiological interaction was also significant. The late pregnant does of both breeds had higher FEC when compared to does in other stages. Conclusion: Breed difference in FEC was more pronounced at the time of post kidding (early lactation) when sharp change in FEC was observed

Altered Ocular Surface Health Status and Tear Film Immune Profile Due to Prolonged Daily Mask Wear in Health Care Workers

Prolonged daily face mask wearing over several months might affect health of the ocular surface and is reported to be associated with complaints of discomfort and dry-eye-like symptoms. We studied the ocular surface clinical parameters, tear soluble factors and immune cell proportions in ophthalmologists practicing within similar environmental conditions (n = 17) at two time points: pre-face-mask period (Pre-FM; end of 2019) and post-face-mask-wearing period (Post-FM; during 2020 COVID-19 pandemic), with continuous (~8 h/day) mask wear. A significant increase in ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scores without changes in tear breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer's test 1 (ST1) and objective scatter index (OSI) was observed Post-FM. Tear soluble factors (increased-IL-1β, IL-33, IFNβ, NGF, BDNF, LIF and TSLP; decreased-IL-12, IL-13, HGF and VEGF-A) and mucins (MUC5AC) were significantly altered Post-FM. Ex vivo, human donor and corneoscleral explant cultures under elevated CO2 stress revealed that the molecular profile, particularly mucin expression, was similar to the Post-FM tear molecular profile, suggesting hypercapnia is a potential contributor to ocular surface discomfort. Among the immune cell subsets determined from ocular surface wash samples, significantly higher proportions of leukocytes and natural killer T cells were observed in Post-FM compared to Pre-FM. Therefore, it is important to note that the clinical parameters, tear film quality, tear molecular factors and immune cells profile observed in prolonged mask-wear-associated ocular surface discomfort were distinct from dry eye disease or other common ocular surface conditions. These observations are important for differential diagnosis as well as selection of appropriate ocular surface treatment in such subjects