USA v. Zenaido Renteria, Jr.

USDC for the Eastern District of Pennsylvani

Detection of eae, bfpA, espA Genes on Diarrhoeagenic Strains of Escherichia coli Isolates

The Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is one of pathogenic strain of diarrheagenic E. coli group in children and infant that occurs in developing countries. The significant virulence factors in pathogenic EPEC are eaeA (E. coli attaching- effacing ), bfpA (bundle-forming pilus A) and espA (encoding secreted protein A) genes. The use of DNA probes to detect the virulence genes in E. coli in Indonesia is not common yet. In this experiment the gene fragments of eae, bfpA, and espA were used as probes to detect the EPEC among E. coli isolates from stool specimensin of diarrheic children attending Public Health Centers in Yogyakarta. The DNA samples were isolated from 49 diarrheagenic E. coli isolates. The DNA probes of eae, bfpA and espA were obtained by amplification of DNA fragment of EPEC O126 using PCR technique. Furthermore, those probes were used to identify the presence of those genes among E. coli isolates using hybridization technique. The results showed that 42 (85.7%) isolates were espA+,   25 isolates (51%) were eaeA+    (EPEC strains). Therefore among 25 isolates of EPEC, 20 isolates (80 %) among EPEC were bfpA+  (typical EPEC strains)

Biopreparation of Snail Slime (Achatina Fulica) with Chitosan Membranes as Wounds Dressing for Wound Healing

The aim of this research purposes is biopreparation snail slime on chitosan membrane as a gauze bandage for wound healing in vivo. Snail slime contains substances are achatin isolates, heparan sulfate, and calcium. The content of isolates achatin useful as an antibacterial and anti-inflamation, while calcium plays a role in hemostasis. Chitosan has uses in the field of biomedical and pharmaceutical, among others, chitosan fibers as threads in surgery that can be absorbed by the human body; bandage covering the wound and the carrier medicine. Chitosan are biodegradable, degradable, non-toxic, non-immunogenic to the body tissue of animals. Wound healing is very important to restore the integrity of the skin as soon as possible and is a complex and dynamic process. Phase involving fibroblast cell proliferation is one important step in wound healing. Wound healing with snail slime and chitosan may be an alternative because it has many benefits. Research methods include synthezise non biomembran chitosan glycerol, snail slime isolation, treatment stage in test animals 5 mice are negative control group; snail slime treatment; chitosan membrane; snail slime and chitosan membrane ratio of 1: 1; and a positive control. The results showed synergistic effect of antibacterial and anfiinflamation snail slime and chitosan is able to accelerate the proliferative phase of wound healing process. Bioprepration snail slime is integrated in biomembran chitosan can be applied as gauze wound dressing that is safe and effective in order to accelerate the wound healing proces

The Potential and Effectiveness of Snail Seromucoid and Chitosan as Bioimmunostimulators

The host's cellular immune response plays an important role in the process of eliminating microorganisms that cause infection. Substances that can stimulate an increase in the immune response are called immunostimulators. Snail seromucoid contains bioactive compounds such as glycans, peptides, glycopeptides and chondroitin sulfate. Chitosan as an antimicrobial agent can be used in the biomedical field because chitosan has a number of hydroxyl groups (OH) and amine groups (NH2). The research objective was to determine the potency and effectiveness of snail seromucoid and chitosan as bioimmunostimulators. The research method is based on laboratory experimental results with the research stages, namely the analysis of the effectiveness of seromucoid and chitosan on lymphocyte proliferation. The results of the one way ANOVA analysis showed a p value of 0.000 so that there was a significant effect between the treatment groups, namely the effect of giving chitosan 65 ug/ml; snail mucus 65 ug/mL and a combination of chitosan (65 ug/mL) and snail mucus (65 ug/mL) ratio of 1:1, can increase lymphocyte proliferation optimally. This shows that snail mucus, chitosan and their combination in a 1:1 ratio are effective as BRM (Biological Response Modifier). It is hoped that the contribution of the results of this study can be further developed in the bioformulation of snail seromucoid preparations and chitosan as therapeutic agents for infectious diseases, including Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Tuberculosis and other diseases.The host's cellular immune response plays an important role in the process of eliminating microorganisms that cause infection. Substances that can stimulate an increase in the immune response are called immunostimulators. Snail seromucoid contains bioactive compounds such as glycans, peptides, glycopeptides and chondroitin sulfate. Chitosan as an antimicrobial agent can be used in the biomedical field because chitosan has a number of hydroxyl groups (OH) and amine groups (NH2). The research objective was to determine the potency and effectiveness of snail seromucoid and chitosan as bioimmunostimulators. The research method is based on laboratory experimental results with the research stages, namely the analysis of the effectiveness of seromucoid and chitosan on lymphocyte proliferation. The results of the one way ANOVA analysis showed a p value of 0.000 so that there was a significant effect between the treatment groups, namely the effect of giving chitosan 65 ug/ml; snail mucus 65 ug/mL and a combination of chitosan (65 ug/mL) and snail mucus (65 ug/mL) ratio of 1:1, can increase lymphocyte proliferation optimally. This shows that snail mucus, chitosan and their combination in a 1:1 ratio are effective as BRM (Biological Response Modifier). It is hoped that the contribution of the results of this study can be further developed in the bioformulation of snail seromucoid preparations and chitosan as therapeutic agents for infectious diseases, including Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Tuberculosis and other diseases

THE SENSITIVITY TEST OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS ISOLATES FROM SUSPECT TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS TO THE SEROMUCOUS OF SNAIL AND CHITOSAN AS AN ALTERNATIVE ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS DRUGS

Objective: The purpose of this research is to study the sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from suspect TB patients to seromucous of snail and chitosan as an alternative to anti-TB drugs. Methods: The research methods include management specimen, freeze-drying of snail seromucous; formulation of dosage preparation; identification of MTB isolates; and sensitivity testing of MTB isolates to snail seromucous, chitosan, and streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol (SIRE). Results: The characteristics of respondents by sex and age are the majority of male respondents and productive adult age that is 26 years–52 years. MTB isolates used in the study were obtained from the results of the screening of sputum samples of suspect TB patients through microscopic smear examination and molecular rapid test using GeneXpert tools. MTB isolates in patients suspect TB are resistant against seromucous of snails and chitosan that it is compared with SIRE. The dosage of snail seromucous is 8000 mg/l, chitosan 2% is 800 mg/l, and SIRE, respectively (rifampicin 8000 mg/l, isoniazid 20 mg/l, ethambutol 200 mg/l, streptomycin 800 mg/l). Conclusion: MTB isolates from patients suspect who TB is resistant to seromucous of snail (8000 mg/l) and chitosan (800 mg/l)

Detection of eae, bfpA, espA Genes on Diarrhoeagenic Strains of Escherichia coli Isolates

The Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is one of pathogenic strain of diarrheagenic E. coli group in children andinfant that occurs in developing countries. The significant virulence factors in pathogenic EPEC are eaeA (E. coli attachingeffacing), bfpA (bundle-forming pilus A) and espA (encoding secreted protein A) genes. The use of DNA probes to detect thevirulence genes in E. coli in Indonesia is not common yet. In this experiment the gene fragments of eae, bfpA, and espA were usedas probes to detect the EPEC among E. coli isolates from stool specimensin of diarrheic children attending Public Health Centersin Yogyakarta. The DNA samples were isolated from 49 diarrheagenic E. coli isolates. The DNA probes of eae, bfpA and espAwere obtained by amplification of DNA fragment of EPEC O126 using PCR technique. Furthermore, those probes were used toidentify the presence of those genes among E. coli isolates using hybridization technique. The results showed that 42 (85.7%)isolates were espA+, 25 isolates (51%) were eaeA+ (EPEC strains). Therefore among 25 isolates of EPEC, 20 isolates (80 %)among EPEC were bfpA+ (typical EPEC strains).Keywords : DNA probe, eae, bfpA, espA, EPEC

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Salep Hidrokarbon Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Jengkol (Pithecollobium labatum Benth) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 25923

Jengkol (Pethecollobium labatum Benth) leaf is a traditional medicine used to treat eczema, scabies, wound and ulcer, and the fruit peel is for sore. Jengkol leaf contains saponin, flavonoid, and tannin. The experiment was aimed to know the antibacterial activity of jengkol leaves ethyl acetate extract ointment against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 infection indicated by recovery time from infection on rabbit’s back with effective basic and concentration. Jengkol leaf’s ethyl acetate extract was then made into hydrocarbon basics ointments with concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The examination of the ointment consist of stability, homogenity, spreadability, adhesion capacity, protection capability, and viscosity test. The ointments were rubbed once a day on the infection area. The observation was carried out until the infection was healed which is confirmed by the disappearing of pus, drying wound, and when it was inoculated in Vogel Jhonson Agar media there was no growth of bacteria. The result of this experiment showed that the most effective ointment of jengkol leaves extract was ointment with 30% concentration. All the tests taken demonstrated that the ointment of jengkol leaves reached the standard of good ointment.Daun jengkol (Pithecollobium labatum Benth) merupakan bahan obat tradisional yang digunakan oleh masyarakat sebagai obat eksim, kudis, luka dan bisul, kulit buahnya untuk borok. Daun jengkol mengandung saponin, flavonoid, dan tanin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri salep ekstrak etil asetat daun jengkol terhadap infeksi Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 dinyatakan dengan lamanya waktu sembuh infeksi pada punggung kelinci dengan basis dan konsentrasi yang efektif. Ekstrak etil asetat daun jengkol kemudian dibuat salep dengan basis hidrokarbon konsentrasi 10%, 20% dan 30%. Pengujian salep meliputi uji stabilitas salep, uji homogenitas salep, uji daya menyebar salep, uji daya lekat salep, uji kemampuan proteksi, uji viskositas. Salep dioleskan satu kali sehari pada daerah infeksi. Pengamatan dilakukan sampai sembuhnya infeksi yang ditandai dengan hilangnya nanah, keringnya luka, dan apabila sampel dari daerah infeksi ditanam pada media Vogel Johnson Agar tidak terjadi pertumbuhan bakteri. Salep ekstrak daun jengkol yang paling efektif adalah salep dengan konsentrasi 30%. Hasil dari seluruh pengujian salep yang dilakukan menunjukkan salep ekstrak daun jengkol memenuhi syarat mutu salep yang baik

The potential of snail seromucous and chitosan as bioimunomodulator for tuberculosis therapy

Tuberculosis (TB) as a global emergency is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb plays an important role in inducing or suppressing the production of Interferon Gamma (IFNG) and IL-4 in the regulation of TB homeostasis and pathogenesis. The bioactive compounds of the snail seromucous (Achatina fulica Ferussac) and chitosan function as biological response modifiers. The study aimed to determine the potential effectiveness of snail seromucous and chitosan as bio-immunomodulator for TB therapy. The research method was based on the results of laboratory experiments with the physic-chemical, biochemical, microbiological examination, snail seromucous protein profile, lymphocyte proliferation, measurement of IFNG, and IL-4 levels. The results of the physic-chemical examination of the snail seromucous showed a specific gravity of 1.010; pH 8, glucose 16 mg/dL; cholesterol 9 mg/dL; protein 2.8 mg/dL and heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Hg, Al) negative. The results of microbiological tests showed that a 100% concentration of snail seromucous was antimicrobial against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The protein profile of snail seromucous shows that there are 3 protein subunits, namely the range 55 - 72 kDa and 1 specific protein sub-unit 43 kDa as a bioactive compound achasin sulfate. Addition of chitosan dose of 65 μg/mL; snail seromucous dose of 65 μg/mL and a mixture of chitosan (65 μg/mL): snail seromucous (65 μg/mL) ratio 1: 1, can increase lymphocyte proliferation; optimum levels of IFN-γ and IL-4. Snail seromucous and chitosan are effective immunomodulators and potential candidates for TB therapy

Biokimia kesehatan

viii, 160 hal; 15 x 23 c