Avfall från dricksvattenkvalitetslaboratorium : En studie om avfallsklassning och hantering av m-Endo agar LES vid Stockholm Vatten.

The purpose of the study was to determine how the waste from m-Endo agar LES (LesEndo) should be categorized and managed, due to its content of the carcinogenic substance basic red 9 in basic fuchsine. The information was obtained by studying legislation and a laboratory practical was performed to verify, if basic fuchsine could remain in LesEndo agar after being heated. This was important to know for the further interpretation how to categorize and manage the waste according to the legislation. LesEndo agar was autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 and 30 minutes. E. coli and coliform bacteria was put to grow on the LesEndo agar. The results from the study showed that all replicas had coliform colonies, which appeared with a metallic fuchsine-sheen. This verified that basic fuchsine was unchanged and that there was no significant difference in growth between replicas with heated agar and the control. The total concentration of basic fuchsine in LesEndo agar was 0.08%. To be categorized as hazardous waste the threshold value for basic red 9 is 0.1%. According to a strict interpretation of the legislation, waste from used LesEndo agar should not be categorized and managed as hazardous waste. However, evaporation has to be taken into consideration and the concentration may be above 0.1%. Therefore my evaluation is that waste from used LesEndo agar should be categorized and managed as hazardous waste to protect humans and the environment from being harmed

The reaction of lignin with alkaline hydrogen peroxide

Under alkaline conditions hydrogen peroxide can be used either as a 1ignin-degrading or a 1ignin-preserving bleaching agent. If heavy metal ions are present and/or silicate is absent in the reaction medium, hydrogen peroxide decomposes via hydroxyl radicals and superoxide ions to oxygen and water. These decomposition products are able to react for example with phenolic lignin structures and thereby cause a partial degradation of lignin. In such a system peroxide could act as a bleaching and delignifying agent at the same time and these properties can be utilized for the bleaching of chemical pulps.In order to elucidate the factors which influence the degradation of phenolic structures by oxidation with alkaline hydrogen peroxide the lignin model compounds-methylsyringyl alcohol was studied.By determining the first order reaction rate constants for the oxidation, the main results which were obtained indicate that phenolic lignin structures can be efficiently degraded especially if:A. The pH in the bleaching liquor is close to the pK -valueàfor hydrogen peroxide.B. The ionic strength in the bleaching medium is as high as possible.C. A fixed amount of heavy metal ions (manganese) is added to the bleaching liquor.In the presence of silicate and diethylentriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA) hydrogen peroxide is stabilized against decomposition. Under these conditions alkaline hydrogen peroxide is able to react only with lignin units containing conjugated carbonyl groups such as quinone, aryl-oe-carbonyl and cinnamaldehyd structures, leading to an elimination of the chromophoric structures without any substantial dissolution of lignin. In this part of work we have elucidated the kinetic behavior and the reaction products from lignin model compounds of the aryl-of- carbonyl and cinnamaldehyde types.1,2-Diarylpropan-1,3,-diol structures constitute an important building unit in native lignins. We have demonstrated that under hydrogen peroxide bleaching conditions the model compound 2,3--bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-ethoxy-propanol was converted to stilbenes, ûe. structures which when present in pulps may contribute to a rapid yellowing. The results obtained with model compounds under simulated lignin retaining bleaching conditions demonstrate that there are possibilities to improve the bleaching of mechanical pulps with hydrogen peroxide if:A. The remaining heavy metal ions complexed with DTPA are present in their lowest valence states.B. The concentration of hydroperoxy ions can be maintained at a high level at the lowest possible pH-value.digitalisering@um

Skogen i våra hjärtan : Erfarenheter, emotionella band, värderingar och attityder till skog, natur och allemansrätten

En betydande del av Sveriges yta är täckt av skog och det finns många olika viljor finns rörande vilka värden skogen ska erbjuda. Syftet med studien var att undersöka människors erfarenheter, emotionella band och värderingar av skog och natur, samt attityder till naturresursutnyttjande och allemansrätt, inklusive samband dem emellan. Syftet var även att diskutera resultatet i förhållande till politiska mål rörande skog och natur. Totalt deltog 663 universitetsstudenter med medelåldern 24 år, varav 254 kvinnor och 401 män, i en enkätundersökning. Resultatet visade genom korrelationsanalys samband mellan samtliga variabler. Attityden att allemansrätten är viktig förklarades främst av starkare emotionella band och att oftare vistas i skogen. Attityden att allemansrätten bör begränsas förklarades av en högre värdering av virkesproduktion. Den var också vanligare hos de vars familj äger skog. Resultatet diskuterades i relation till miljömålsuppfyllelse och allemansrätten: emotionella band, som föds av erfarenheter, är incitament för agerande. För att uppfylla politiska mål bör emotioner beaktas och miljöer som ger förutsättning för erfarenhetsskapande erbjudas. Allemansrätten ger förutsättningar för dessa erfarenheter. Swedish landscape is dominated by highly valued forests and stakeholders argue different uses. The aim of this study was to investigate peoples experience, emotional bonds and values of forests and nature, their attitudes towards human utilization of nature and right of public access (allemansrätt), including relationships them in between. All in all 663 university students among who 254 were women and 401 were men, with the mean age of 24, answered a survey. The results from correlations show relationships between all variables. An attitude saying that the right of public access is important was predicted by stronger emotional bonds and spending more time in the forest. An attitude saying that the right of public access should be restricted was predicted by higher valuing of forest production and was more common among forest owners. The results implicate that emotions, which are strong incentives for action and created by experience, should be considered to better accomplish environmental goals. Environments necessary for experiencing nature should be provided, which is today made possible by right of public access to nature.

The reaction of lignin with alkaline hydrogen peroxide

Under alkaline conditions hydrogen peroxide can be used either as a 1ignin-degrading or a 1ignin-preserving bleaching agent. If heavy metal ions are present and/or silicate is absent in the reaction medium, hydrogen peroxide decomposes via hydroxyl radicals and superoxide ions to oxygen and water. These decomposition products are able to react for example with phenolic lignin structures and thereby cause a partial degradation of lignin. In such a system peroxide could act as a bleaching and delignifying agent at the same time and these properties can be utilized for the bleaching of chemical pulps.In order to elucidate the factors which influence the degradation of phenolic structures by oxidation with alkaline hydrogen peroxide the lignin model compounds-methylsyringyl alcohol was studied.By determining the first order reaction rate constants for the oxidation, the main results which were obtained indicate that phenolic lignin structures can be efficiently degraded especially if:A. The pH in the bleaching liquor is close to the pK -valueàfor hydrogen peroxide.B. The ionic strength in the bleaching medium is as high as possible.C. A fixed amount of heavy metal ions (manganese) is added to the bleaching liquor.In the presence of silicate and diethylentriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA) hydrogen peroxide is stabilized against decomposition. Under these conditions alkaline hydrogen peroxide is able to react only with lignin units containing conjugated carbonyl groups such as quinone, aryl-oe-carbonyl and cinnamaldehyd structures, leading to an elimination of the chromophoric structures without any substantial dissolution of lignin. In this part of work we have elucidated the kinetic behavior and the reaction products from lignin model compounds of the aryl-of- carbonyl and cinnamaldehyde types.1,2-Diarylpropan-1,3,-diol structures constitute an important building unit in native lignins. We have demonstrated that under hydrogen peroxide bleaching conditions the model compound 2,3--bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-ethoxy-propanol was converted to stilbenes, ûe. structures which when present in pulps may contribute to a rapid yellowing. The results obtained with model compounds under simulated lignin retaining bleaching conditions demonstrate that there are possibilities to improve the bleaching of mechanical pulps with hydrogen peroxide if:A. The remaining heavy metal ions complexed with DTPA are present in their lowest valence states.B. The concentration of hydroperoxy ions can be maintained at a high level at the lowest possible pH-value.digitalisering@um

High consistency hydrogen peroxide bleaching of mechanical pulps with varying amounts of fines

Hydrogen peroxide is a widely used bleaching chemical for mechanical pulps and is particularly useful when high brightness levels are required. The objective of this work was to study fines as a limiting factor for reaching higher brightness levels in high consistency hydrogen peroxide bleaching of Norway spruce (Picea abies) thermomechanical (TMP) and stone groundwood (SGW) pulps. The hydrogen peroxide bleaching efficiency (i.e. light absorption coefficient reduction) was studied as a function of temperature, alkali charge and fines content using an experimental design based on MODDE software (Umetrics AB).It is known that all types of fines contain more lignin, hemicelluloses, pectins, metals and less cellulose than long fibres. The light absorption coefficient was greater for unbleached TMP than for unbleached SGW pulp and an increased quantity of fines increased the light absorption coefficient for both pulp types. The increase was, however, most pronounced for the TMP. Furthermore, the data suggests that both the fibre fraction and the fines fraction are more coloured in the thermomechanical pulp. In most cases, increased amounts of fines in the pulp had a negative impact on the bleached pulp brightness in spite of the improved light scattering ability accompanying the addition of fines. A level of fines exceeding 50% was especially detrimental resulting in lower pulp brightness due to a higher light absorption coefficient.Increasing the bleaching temperature did not improve the bleaching efficiency. The optimal bleaching temperature at a hydrogen peroxide charge of 4.5% was found to be 70°C within the tested interval of 70-110°C. For a fines content of 25%, the stone groundwood pulp displayed a brightness of 83% whereas the thermomechanical pulp achieved a brightness of 79%

The influence of temperature and moisture on the optical properties of cellulose in the presence of metal chlorides and glucuronic acid

The influence of Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+ ions and glucuronic acid on the dry and humid heat-induced (120180C) discoloration of cotton linter sheets was investigated. The quantity of the added metal ions was similar to that of metal ions found in wood and pulp. Heat-induced ageing (120150C, pH 5) under dry conditions caused only slight discoloration of the reference sheets and of the sheets impregnated with the metal ions. However, during ageing at 180C, the presence of Mg2+ ions accelerated the discoloration. An initial pH in the range of 38 had no great influence on the discoloration of the reference sheets, but a low pH in combination with Mg2+ ions increased the discoloration drastically. Under humid ageing conditions at 180C (<30 min), the sheets discolored approximately twice as much as under dry conditions; the difference in discoloration caused by the metal ions was less than in dry ageing. Adding glucuronic acid to the sheets caused extensive discoloration under dry ageing conditions (120180°C), while Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions decreased the glucuronic acid induced discoloration. Under humid conditions (180°C), however, Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions did not prevent the discoloration caused by glucuronic acid. An increase in the absorption coefficient was observed at 285 nm, most likely due to the formation of 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-furaldehyde (HMF) and 2-furaldehyde (furfural). GC-MS analysis reveals increased formation of HMF in the sheets impregnated with Mg2+ ions. Degradation of the cellulose in which the alkaline earth metals act as Lewis acids is proposed

The influence of temperature and moisture on the physical properties of cellulose in the presence of metal chlorides and glucuronic acid

We investigated the influence of Mg2+, Ca2+, and Fe3+ ions and glucuronic acid on the viscosity, after dry or humid ageing, of two different cellulosic materials, cotton linters and dissolving pulp. The quantity of added metal ions was similar to that found in pulp. In the cotton linters sheets, especially in those containing Mg2+, increased 5-hydroxy-2-methyl furfural (HMF) and 2-furaldehyde (furfural) concentrations were accompanied by decreased viscosity under dry conditions at 180C (pH 5). This indicates that Mg2+ ions can promote the Lewis-acidcatalyzed degradation of cellulose. For cotton linters and dissolving pulp sheets, adding Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions is detrimental when ageing at 180C under dry conditions (pH 5). Adding glucuronic acid increases the viscosity of cotton linters sheets, especially when Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions are present. Due to formation of complexes between the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions and glucuronic acid, these ions reduce pulp viscosity to a smaller degree

Tannin-iron impregnated thermomechanical pulp : Part II: Bleachability and brightness reversion

Tannins are polymeric, phenolic constituents found in the bark of pine and spruce. When reacting with iron ions, tannins form strongly coloured complexes. Thus, the presence of bark in the mechanical pulping process leads to decreased brightness of the pulp. In order to evaluate the effects of the presence of iron on the properties of pulp, we have impregnated thermomechanical pulp (TMP) with 30 parts per million (ppm i.e. mg/kg) iron either as Fe3+ or as tannin-iron complexes and studied how such treatments affect bleachability and heat-induced brightness reversion. The bleaching agents studied are hydrogen peroxide and sodium dithionite. Treatment of the tannin-iron impregnated pulp with 1% by weight of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) before bleaching with 4% hydrogen peroxide almost eliminated the brightness loss caused by the impregnation. Such a treatment also removed all of the added iron from both the tannin-iron and FeCl3 impregnated pulps. Approximately 5% more of the added peroxide was required for oxidation of the tannins in the tannin-iron impregnated pulp. Contrary to what was observed with peroxide bleaching, dithionite bleaching did not reduce the amount of iron in the pulps. Instead, the added iron and tannin-iron negatively affected the dithionite bleaching, even if the pulps were extracted with DTPA before bleaching. It should therefore be advantageous to first bleach with peroxide, which removes most of the iron, and then with dithionite. Compared with dithionite, peroxide yields a more efficient bleaching. The reason for this is that the former reduces the light absorption coefficient, the k-value, more efficiently in the whole visible spectrum, whereas dithionite reduces it mainly at shorter wavelengths. In our experiments, the addition of tannin-iron or FeCl3 to the untreated pulp did not increase heat-induced brightness reversion. This is Supported by the fact that although extraction of the samples with DTPA before bleaching lowered the iron content slightly, it-did not affect the brightness reversion. The initial brightness reversion of the dithionite bleached pulps was larger than that observed for the peroxide bleached pulps

Tannin-iron impregnated thermomechanical pulp : Part I: Effects of extractions and heat on brightness

Tannins are polyphenolic compounds found mainly in bark. When reacting with iron, they form strongly coloured complexes, which through contamination from the bark may induce a brightness decrease of mechanical pulps. Wood itself contains phenolic compounds, which can form coloured complexes with iron. We have investigated gallotannin as a model for metal-binding sites in the pulp. The behaviour of tannin-iron complexes in solution and in pulp has been studied. In aqueous solution, the tannin-iron complexes can be decolourised by the addition of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). The colour of the tannin-iron complexes was very pH-dependent. Thus in solution, these were decolourised at low pH and at high pH the spectral characteristics were changed substantially. We have studied the effects on brightness and heatinduced brightness loss of the impregnation of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) with 30 parts per million iron (ppm i.e. mg/kg) either as iron or tannin-iron as well as the possibility to decrease such effects by using various solvent extractions. The tannin-iron impregnation causes a decrease in ISO-brightness of approximately 3% and an increase in the light absorption coefficient (k) by approximately 2 m(2)/kg at the tannin-iron absorbance maximum. 565 run. These effects are approximately ten times higher than those observed for the Pulp only impregnated with iron. Extraction with 1% by weight of DTPA provides a way to reduce the brightness decrease induced by the tanniniron complexes and the observed decrease can be attributed to removal of iron from the pulp. Acid extraction was the most efficient way to reduce the iron content in the pulps and to decoulorise the tannin-iron impregnated pulp. However, after acid extraction of iron impregnated Pulps, new chromophores were evidently formed. Addition of the reducing agent, sulphite, to extractions had no effect on the iron removal or the brightness of the impregnated pulps. The heat-induced brightness loss is not influenced by the addition of tannin-iron or iron. The brightness loss caused by heat was lower for pulps extracted with DTPA