ENHANCING E-COMMERCE CUSTOM REGULATION FOR SEAMLESS TRADE IN EAEU: A POLICY PAPER

This policy paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the e-commerce sector within the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), highlighting its challenges, opportunities, and potential for driving economic growth. It sets forth a series of well-crafted policy recommendations aimed at establishing a conducive environment for e-commerce development. By implementing these measures, policymakers can fully unleash the potential of e-commerce, fostering economic growth, and advancing digital inclusion. As the e-commerce sector flourishes, it necessitates the establishment of a fair and efficient regulatory framework to facilitate smooth cross-border transactions. Addressing the custom regulation and taxation of e-commerce transactions requires collaborative efforts. Policymakers must strive to develop transparent and equitable customs and taxation systems that prevent tax evasion while easing the burden on small and medium-sized enterprises. One essential consideration is the implementation of destination-based taxation, ensuring that taxes are paid in the countries where products and services are consumed. This approach fosters fairness and discourages tax avoidance strategies. The policy paper aims to propose specific measures to enhance e-commerce custom regulation, effectively tackling the unique challenges presented by online trade. Leveraging technology and fostering international cooperation are pivotal in designing streamlined customs processes, creating an enabling environment for e-commerce growth. Such endeavors will ensure compliance, minimize illicit activities, and foster a flourishing e-commerce landscape within the EAEU

Выбор метода измерения внутриглазного давления для оценки гипотензивной эффективности антиглаукомных операций

Purpose of this study — to compare the results of different tonometry methods before surgical treatment of glaucoma and in the early postoperative period.The study was conducted on a group of 50 patients (50 eyes) aged 55 to 80 years with uncompensated primary open-angle glaucoma, who were admitted to in-patient department for glaucoma surgery. Patients were examined using bidirectional applanation tonometry of the cornea performed on Ocular Response Analyzer, pneumotonometry on Canon TX-20P device, and with Icare tonometer. These studies were carried out on the day before the surgery, the next day, and 2 weeks after the operation.Significant differences in tonometry readings were revealed between all tested devices at high intraocular pressure (IOP) levels (before glaucoma surgery). Significant differences were also found in IOP values obtained with Icare tonometer in the central zone of the cornea and in the middle periphery in the nasal and temporal sectors. A significant difference between the indicators remained on the next day after surgery, except for the Icare readings. After two weeks, the tonometric parameters did not differ significantly from each other.Corneal compensated IOP (IOPcc) is the most important tonometric indicator in clinical practice because it takes into account the individual biomechanical characteristics of the patient’s cornea. When examining patients with glaucoma, the IOPcc indicator significantly differed in uncompensated IOP, which is important for determining the correct treatment tactics. When assessing the level of IOP after surgery this trend persisted, indicating a systematic underestimation of IOP level (overestimation of the effect of glaucoma surgery). The reliability of the study is confirmed by the results of measurements on unoperated fellow eyes (control).Цель — сравнить показатели разных методов тонометрии до хирургического лечения глаукомы и в раннем послеоперационном периоде. Исследование проведено в группе из 50 пациентов (50 глаз) в возрасте от 55 до 80 лет с некомпенсированной первичной открытоугольной глаукомой, которые поступали в стационар для проведения антиглаукомной операции. Выполняли исследование с помощью двунаправленной пневмоапланации роговицы на биомеханическом анализаторе Ocular Response Analyzer, бесконтактную тонометрию прибором Canon TX-20P и измерение тоно- метром Icare. Эти исследования проводили за день до проведения антиглаукомного вмешательства, на следующий день и также через 2 недели после операции. При высоких значениях внутриглазного давления (ВГД) (до проведения антиглаукомной операции) были выявлены достоверные различия тонометрических показателей между всеми используемыми приборами. Также были выявлены достоверные различия в показателях ВГД при тонометрии Icare в центральной зоне роговицы и на средней периферии в носовом и височном секторах. На следующий день после операции достоверная разница между показателями сохранялась, за исключением показателей Icare. Через 2 недели после операции тонометрические показатели между собой достоверно не различались. Роговично-компенсированное ВГД является наиболее важным в клиническом плане тонометрическим показателем, поскольку учитывает индивидуальные особенности фиброзной оболочки глаза пациентов. При обследовании пациентов с глаукомой этот показатель достоверно отличается при некомпенсированном ВГД, что важно для определения правильной тактики лечения. При оценке ВГД после операции данная тенденция сохранялась, что указывает на систематическую недооценку офтальмотонуса (переоценку эффекта операции). Достоверность исследования подтверждается результатами исследова- ния на парных неоперированных глазах

Transgenerational Phenomenon of Genomic Instability in Children of Irradiated Parents during ChNPP

Study of families irradiated during the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant revealed significantly increased levels of aberrant genomes not only in irradiated of low doses parents (fathers-liquidators, fathers and mothers from territories contaminated with radionuclides (n = 106, p < 0.01)), but also in their children born in 1987-2004 after the accident (n = 159, p < 0.05). These children with different somatic pathologies were examined in the Children's Center of Radiation Protection of the Institute of Pediatrics and Children's Surgery of the RF Ministry of Public Health (head. - prof. Baleva L. S.). This is indicative of the transgenerational phenomenon of genomic instability. To elucidate this phenomenon, experiments were undertaken to model genomic instability by using fractionated in vitro γ-irradiation (137Cs) of peripheral blood lymphocytes samples of the children and their parents at doses of 10, 20 and 30 cGy. The spectrum and frequency of chromosomes aberrations were studied in the 1st and 2nd cell generations. The children of irradiated parents (n=6). Children born from unirradiated parents (n = 3) served as a control. Parents: irradiated fathers (n = 3) and unirradiated mothers (n = 3). Single doses were 10 cGy, 20 cGy, 30 cGy. Fractional doses were 10 cGy + 10 cGy and 10 cGy + 10 cGy + 10 cGy. Blood samples were irradiated at 24 h intervals. Before culturing all blood samples were stored at 370 C. Cultivation of lymphocytes was carried out for 48 h and 72 h with the use of 5-BrdU added to differentiate between mitosis 1 and mitosis 2. Average frequency of aberrant genomes were significantly increased at all doses in the children of irradiated parents, as compared to the children born from un-irradiated parents. The magnitude of the elevation of the individual frequencies of aberrant genomes is accordance on the initial levels of the genome aberrations. This is indicative of individual radiosensitivity probably depending on genotypic peculiarities, initial state (sensitivity) of the genome, pathophysiological processes in the organism of children. Amplification of cells with single-break chromosome aberrations in the mitosis 2, as compared to mitosis 1 suggests the replication mechanism of realization of potential damage in DNA and the occurrence of genomic instability in succeeding cell generations

Systems Oncology: Bridging Pancreatic and Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer

Large investments by pharmaceutical companies in the development of new antineoplastic drugs have not been resulting in adequate advances of new therapies. Despite the introduction of new methods, technologies, translational medicine and bioinformatics, the usage of collected knowledge is unsatisfactory. In this paper, using examples of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PaC) and castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), we proposed a concept showing that, in order to improve applicability of current knowledge in oncology, the re-clustering of clinical and scientific data is crucial. Such an approach, based on systems oncology, would include bridging of data on biomarkers and pathways between different cancer types. Proposed concept would introduce a new matrix, which enables combining of already approved therapies between cancer types. Paper provides a (a) detailed analysis of similarities in mechanisms of etiology and progression between PaC and CRPC, (b) diabetes as common hallmark of both cancer types and (c) knowledge gaps and directions of future investigations. Proposed horizontal and vertical matrix in cancer profiling has potency to improve current antineoplastic therapy efficacy. Systems biology map using Systems Biology Graphical Notation Language is used for summarizing complex interactions and similarities of mechanisms in biology of PaC and CRPC. © 2018, Arányi Lajos Foundation

Follow-up studies on genome damage in children after Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident

As children are more susceptible to ionizing radiation than adults, each nuclear accident demands special attention and care of this vulnerable population. The Chernobyl nuclear disaster occurred in a region populated with a large number of children, but despite all efforts and expertise of nuclear specialists, it was not possible to avoid casualties. As vast regions of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia were exposed to doses of ionizing radiation, which are known to be related with different diseases, shortly after the accident medical surveillance was launched, which also included analysis of genome damage. Child population affected by internal and external radiation consisted of subjects exposed prenatally, postnatally (both evacuated and non-evacuated), born by irradiated fathers who worked as liquidators, and parents exposed environmentally. In all groups of children during the last 30 years who were exposed to doses which were significantly higher than that recommended for general population of 1 mSv per year, increased genome damage was detected. Increased genome damage includes statistically higher frequency of dicentric and ring chromosomes, chromated and chromosome breaks, acentric fragments, translocations, and micronuclei. The presence of rogue cells confirmed internal contamination. Genome instability and radiosensitivity in children was detected both in evacuated and continuously exposed children. Today the population exposed to ionizing radiation in 1986 is in reproductive period of life and follow-up of this population and their offspring is of great importance. This review aims to give insight in results of studies, which reported genome damage in children in journals without language restrictions. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

Follow-up studies on genome damage in children after Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident

As children are more susceptible to ionizing radiation than adults, each nuclear accident demands special attention and care of this vulnerable population. The Chernobyl nuclear disaster occurred in a region populated with a large number of children, but despite all efforts and expertise of nuclear specialists, it was not possible to avoid casualties. As vast regions of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia were exposed to doses of ionizing radiation, which are known to be related with different diseases, shortly after the accident medical surveillance was launched, which also included analysis of genome damage. Child population affected by internal and external radiation consisted of subjects exposed prenatally, postnatally (both evacuated and non-evacuated), born by irradiated fathers who worked as liquidators, and parents exposed environmentally. In all groups of children during the last 30 years who were exposed to doses which were significantly higher than that recommended for general population of 1 mSv per year, increased genome damage was detected. Increased genome damage includes statistically higher frequency of dicentric and ring chromosomes, chromated and chromosome breaks, acentric fragments, translocations, and micronuclei. The presence of rogue cells confirmed internal contamination. Genome instability and radiosensitivity in children was detected both in evacuated and continuously exposed children. Today the population exposed to ionizing radiation in 1986 is in reproductive period of life and follow-up of this population and their offspring is of great importance. This review aims to give insight in results of studies, which reported genome damage in children in journals without language restrictions. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

Systems Oncology: Bridging Pancreatic and Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer

Large investments by pharmaceutical companies in the development of new antineoplastic drugs have not been resulting in adequate advances of new therapies. Despite the introduction of new methods, technologies, translational medicine and bioinformatics, the usage of collected knowledge is unsatisfactory. In this paper, using examples of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PaC) and castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), we proposed a concept showing that, in order to improve applicability of current knowledge in oncology, the re-clustering of clinical and scientific data is crucial. Such an approach, based on systems oncology, would include bridging of data on biomarkers and pathways between different cancer types. Proposed concept would introduce a new matrix, which enables combining of already approved therapies between cancer types. Paper provides a (a) detailed analysis of similarities in mechanisms of etiology and progression between PaC and CRPC, (b) diabetes as common hallmark of both cancer types and (c) knowledge gaps and directions of future investigations. Proposed horizontal and vertical matrix in cancer profiling has potency to improve current antineoplastic therapy efficacy. Systems biology map using Systems Biology Graphical Notation Language is used for summarizing complex interactions and similarities of mechanisms in biology of PaC and CRPC. © 2018, Arányi Lajos Foundation

Genome damage in children with classical Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - An in vivo and in vitro study

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a heritable connective tissue disorder characterized by skin hyperextensibility, abnormal wound healing, and joint hypermobility with prevalence 1:20 000. Its incidence is probably underestimated due to unknown number of subjects having mild symptoms who may have never been diagnosed through entire life time. Classical EDS is characterized by pathogenic variants of genes encoding type V collagen. The biological effects and health risks of patients with EDS exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate biological effect of low doses of ionizing radiation in children with EDS. Background values of chromosome aberrations in children suffering from classical EDS were determined and compared with control subjects. The in vitro experiment was performed by γ-irradiation of blood lymphocytes from EDS patients and healthy subjects at low doses (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 Gy). Results show a significant increase level of spontaneous and radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in children suffering from EDS in comparison with the control subjects (p < 0.05). In conclusion, children with EDS express higher background chromosome aberration frequency and increased radiosensitivity. These findings suggest specific susceptibility of EDS patients and importance of future investigation on risks of diagnostics and therapy which include radiation and genotoxic agents. © 201