Destinação de verba para publicidade on-line considerando múltiplos atributos sob incerteza de preferências

Introduction: The present research was conducted at the University of Delhi in 2017. Method: Websites were ranked on the basis of feedback from unbiased experts. Later, we proposed an integrated approach by combining ordered weighted averaging (owa) operator with fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fahp) for budget allocation. Results: A numerical example related to a company, which deals with consumer goods and wants to advertise on few e-commerce websites is discussed at the end of the paper. Budget distribution is decided by solving multi-objective maximum-dispersion-minimum-variance (mdmv) owa and fahp method. Conclusions: The proposed methodology aids managerial decisions made by handling multiple attributes simultaneously through industry experts’ opinion, and using a simple proportional rule for allocating budget. Originality:  The conventional methods based on reach maximization, exposure or profit cannot meet the budget allocation needs of the modern advertising planning. Firstly, they do not take into consideration multiple attributes of media. Secondly, they do not incorporate the expert opinion and their preferences. To address these problems, we propose a multi-attribute method based on the advertising budget allocation method to divide the budget into individual websites. The attributes under consideration are: system quality, content quality, usage, trust, customer support, online customer feedback, and personalization. Limitations: In this study, we used a mdmv-owa operator in fuzzy environment but in future occasions, it may be extended to intuitionistic fuzzy domain. Introducción: la presente investigación se realizó en la Universidad de Delhi, India, en 2017. Método: se clasifican los sitios web según la retroalimentación de expertos imparciales. Más adelante, proponemos un enfoque integrado que combina el operador de promediado ponderado ordenado (owa) con el proceso de jerarquía analítica difusa (fahp) para la asignación presupuestaria. Resultados: al final se analiza un ejemplo numérico relacionado con una empresa que se dedica a bienes de consumo y quiere publicitar en sitios web de comercio electrónico. Se decide cómo distribuir el presupuesto utilizando el método combinado de máxima dispersión y mínima varianza (mdmv), owa y fahp. Conclusiones: la metodología propuesta ayuda a tomar decisiones gerenciales al manejar múltiples atributos simultáneamente a partir de la opinión de expertos de la industria, y emplear una regla proporcional simple para asignar el presupuesto. Originalidad: los métodos convencionales basados en la maximización del alcance, la exposición o los beneficios no cumplen con las necesidades de asignación de presupuesto de la planificación publicitaria moderna. En primer lugar, no toman xen consideración los múltiples atributos de los medios. En segundo lugar, no incorporan la opinión de los expertos y sus preferencias. Para abordar estos problemas, proponemos un método de múltiple atributo basado en el método de asignación de presupuesto publicitario para dividir el presupuesto en sitios web individuales. Los atributos que se tienen en cuenta son: calidad del sistema, calidad del contenido, uso, confianza, atención al cliente, comentarios de los clientes en línea y personalización. Limitaciones: en este estudio utilizamos un operador mdmv-owa en un entorno difuso, pero en ocasiones futuras se puede extender al dominio difuso intuicionista.Introdução: a presente pesquisa foi realizada na Universidade de Deli, na Índia, em 2017.Método: as páginas web são classificadas conforme o feedback de especialistas imparciais. Depois, propomos um enfoque integrado, que combina o operador de média ponderada ordenada (owa) com o processo analítico hierárquico difuso (fahp) para a destinação de verba.Resultados: finalmente, um exemplo numérico relacionado com uma empresa que se dedica a bens de consumo e quer fazer publicidade em páginas web de comércio eletrônico é analisado. Utiliza-se o método combinado mdmv (maximum-dispersion-minimum-variance, na sigla em inglês), owa e fahp para decidir como distribuir a verba.Conclusões: a metodologia proposta ajuda a tomar decisões gerenciais ao manejar múltiplos atributos, simultaneamente, a partir da opinião de especialistas da indústria, e empregar uma regra proporcional simples para destinação de verba.Originalidade: os métodos convencionais, baseados na maximização do alcance, na exposição ou nos benefícios, não cumprem com as necessidades de destinação de verba do planejamento publicitário moderno. Em primeiro lugar, não consideram os múltiplos atributos dos meios. Em segundo lugar, não incorporam a opinião dos especialistas e as suas preferências. Para abordar esses problemas, propomos um método de múltiplos atributos, baseado no método de destinação de verba publicitário, para dividir as verbas em páginas web individuais. Os atributos que são levados em conta são: qualidade do sistema, qualidade do conteúdo, uso, confiança, atenção ao cliente, comentários dos clientes na rede e personalização.Limitações: neste estudo, foi utilizado um operador mdmv-owa em um entorno difuso, mas em ocasiões futuras é possível expandir ao domínio difuso intuicionista

Physical realization of realignment criteria using structural physical approximation

Entanglement detection is an important problem in quantum information theory because quantum entanglement is a key resource in quantum information processing. Realignment criteria is a powerful tool for detection of entangled states in bipartite and multipartite quantum system. It is an important criteria for entanglement detection because it works well; not only for negative partial transpose entangled states (NPTES) but also for positive partial transpose entangled states (PPTES). Since the matrix corresponding to realignment map is indefinite so the experimental implementation of the map is an obscure task. In this work, firstly, we have approximated the realignment map to a positive map using the method of structural physical approximation (SPA) and then we have shown that the structural physical approximation of realignment map (SPA-R) is completely positive. Positivity of the constructed map is characterized using moments which can be physically measured. Next, we develop a separability criterion based on our SPA-R map in the form of an inequality and have shown that the developed criterion not only detect NPTES but also PPTES. We have provided some examples to support the results obtained. Moreover, we have analysed the error that may occur because of approximating the realignment map.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, Appendix, Accepted in Physical Review

NEUROMORPHIC VLSI REALIZATION OF THE HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION AND THE LATERAL SUPERIOR OLIVE

In this work, the focus is on realizing the function of the hippocampal formation (HF) and the lateral superior olive (LSO) in electronic circuits. The first major contribution of this dissertation is to realize the function of the HF in silicon. This was based on the GRIDSmap model and the Bayesian integration. For this, two novel circuits were designed and integrated with others. The first circuit was that of a Bayesian integration synapse which can perform Bayesian integration at the single neuron level. The second circuit was that of a velocity integrator which is so compact that it can enable integration of the entire system on a single chip compared to its predecessors which would have needed 27 chips! However, since the computational neuroscience models of the hippocampal place cells do not explain all the characteristics observed empirically, a novel model for the place cells, based on the sensori-motor integration of inputs is proposed. This is the second major contribution of this thesis. The third major contribution is to demonstrate a VLSI system which can perform azimuthal localization based on population response of the LSO. This system was based on the Reed and Blum's model of the LSO. For this, a novel circuit of a second order synapse and that of a conductance neuron was designed and integrated with other circuits. This synapse circuit can produce an output current whose peak is delayed and is proportional to the number of inputs it receives. The HF is thought to aid in spatial navigation and the LSO is thought to be involved in azimuthal localization of sounds both of which are useful for autonomous robotic spatial navigation. Hence, silicon realization of these two will be useful in robotics which is an area of interest for the neuromorphic engineers

Estudio del efecto moderador en una localidad encuestada sobre la intención de adopción de M-Commerce

Introduction: The present research was conducted at the University of Delhi in 2018. Problem: With the increase in usage of internet technology through wireless devices, the relevance of m-commerce has amplified. In a developing country like India, the rural and urban population is not equally divided on the use of m-commerce and this demands a detailed study regarding this problem.  Objective: The study aims to determine the factors that influence the m-commerce adoption intention of customers and how the effect varies over rural and urban populations. Methodology: This study combines the TAM and UTAUT model to consider the determinants as perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, perceived risk, perceived cost, social interaction, and facilitating conditions, taking the endogenous variable as intention to adopt m-commerce.     Results: The results of PLS-SEM accepted the hypotheses underlying the model and also validated the moderating role played by a respondent’s locality over the intention to adopt m-commerce. Conclusion: The proposed model was validated by using PLS-SEM approach on a sample size of 200 collected from the urban and rural areas of Delhi NCR. Moreover, the moderating effect of a respondent’s locality was observed over adoption intention. Originality: With the advancement in technological infrastructure and improvement in mobile data facilities, customers have shown enthusiasm towards making online transactions using their phones. The advantage of mobile commerce over computer based electronic commerce is its mobility. Extant research has shown interest in studying the adoption intention of mobile commerce, based on determinants from the TAM or UTAUT model or their combinations. This study combines both models to choose the determinants of mobile adoption intention.  Limitation: Further studies can be conducted by considering other combinations of determinants and extending the model to incorporate the loyalty measures.Introducción: la presente investigación se realizó en la Universidad de Delhi en 2018. Problema: con el aumento en el uso de la tecnología de Internet a través de dispositivos inalámbricos, larelevancia del comercio móvil se ha ampliado. En un país en desarrollo como India, la población rural y urbana no está dividida por igual en el uso del comercio móvil y esto exige un estudio detallado sobre este problema. Objetivo: el estudio tiene como objetivo determinar los factores que influyen en la intención de adopción deM-Commerce de los clientes y cómo varía el efecto sobre las poblaciones rurales y urbanas.Metodología: este estudio combina el modelo TAM y UTAUT para considerar los determinantes como facilidad de uso percibida, utilidad percibida, riesgo percibido, costo percibido, interacción social y condiciones facilitadoras, tomando la variable endógena como intención de adoptar el comercio móvil. Resultados: los resultados de PLS-SEM aceptaron las hipótesis subyacentes al modelo y también validaronel papel moderador desempeñado por la localidad del encuestado sobre la intención de adoptar el comerciomóvil. Conclusión: el modelo propuesto fue validado utilizando el enfoque PLS-SEM en un tamaño de 200 muestras recolectadas de las áreas urbanas y rurales de Delhi NCR. Además, el efecto moderador de la localidad del encuestado se observó sobre la intención de adopción. Originalidad: con el avance en la infraestructura tecnológica y la mejora en las instalaciones de datos móviles, los clientes han mostrado entusiasmo por realizar transacciones en línea usando sus teléfonos. La ventaja del comercio móvil sobre el comercio electrónico basado en computadora es su movilidad. La investigación existente ha mostrado interés en estudiar la intención de adopción del comercio móvil, basada en determinantes de la intención de adopción móvil

Design de fiabilidade bidimensional do software de múltiplos lançamentos tendo em conta o fator de redução de falhas na depuração imperfeita

Introduction: The present research was conducted at the University of Delhi, India in 2017. Methods: We develop a software reliability growth model to assess the reliability of software products released in multiple versions under limited availability of resources and time. The Fault Reduction Factor (frf) is considered to be constant in imperfect debugging environments while the rate of fault removal is given by Delayed S-Shaped model. Results: The proposed model has been validated on a real life four-release dataset by carrying out goodness of fit analysis. Laplace trend analysis was also conducted to judge the trend exhibited by data with respect to change in the system’s reliability. Conclusions: A number of comparison criteria have been calculated to evaluate the performance of the proposed model relative to only time-based multi-release Software Reliability Growth Model (srgm). Originality: In general, the number of faults removed is not the same as the number of failures experienced in given time intervals, so the inclusion of frf in the model makes it better and more realistic. A paradigm shift has been observed in software development from single release to multi release platform. Limitations: The proposed model can be used by software developers to take decisions regarding the release time for different versions, by either minimizing the development cost or maximizing the reliability and determining the warranty policies.Introducción: la presente investigación se realizó en la Universidad de Delhi, India en 2017. Métodos: desarrollamos un modelo de crecimiento de confiabilidad de software para evaluar la confiabilidad de los productos de software lanzados en múltiples versiones bajo disponibilidad limitada de recursos y tiempo. El factor de reducción de fallas (frf) se considera una constante en entornos de depuración imperfecta, mientras que la tasa de eliminación de fallas está dada por el modelo de forma retardada en S. Resultados: se valida el modelo propuesto en un conjunto de datos de cuatro lanzamientos de la vida real mediante un análisis de bondad de ajuste. También se aplicó el análisis de tendencia de Laplace para juzgar la tendencia que presentan los datos con respecto al cambio en la confiabilidad del sistema. Conclusiones: se calculó una serie de criterios de comparación para evaluar el rendimiento del modelo propuesto en relación con el modelo de crecimiento de confiabilidad del software (srgm) de múltiples lanzamientos basado únicamente en el tiempo. Originalidad: en general, el número de fallas eliminadas no es el mismo que el número de fallas experimentadas en intervalos de tiempo determinados, por lo que la inclusión de frf en el modelo lo mejora y lo hace más realista. Se ha observado un cambio de paradigma en el desarrollo de software, que pasa de un lanzamiento único a una plataforma múltiples lanzamientos. Limitaciones: los desarrolladores de software pueden emplear el modelo propuesto para tomar decisiones con respecto al tiempo de lanzar diferentes versiones, ya sea minimizando el costo de desarrollo o maximizando la confiabilidad y determinando las políticas de la garantía.Introdução: esta pesquisa foi realizada na Universidade de Deli, na Índia, em 2017. Métodos: desenvolvemos um modelo de crescimento de confiabilidade de software para avaliar a confiabilidade dos produtos de software lançados em múltiplas versões sob disponibilidade limitada de recursos e tempo. O fator de redução de falhas (frf) é considerado uma constante em contextos de depuração imperfeita, enquanto a taxa de eliminação de falhas é dada pelo modelo de forma retardada em S.Resultados: o modelo proposto é avaliado em um conjunto de dados de quatro lançamentos da vida real mediante uma análise de bondade de ajuste. Também foi utilizada a análise de tendência de Laplace para avaliar a tendência apresentada pelos dados com respeito à mudança na confiabilidade do sistema.Conclusões: uma série de critérios de comparação foi calculada para avaliar o rendimento do modelo proposto em relação com o modelo de crescimento de confiabilidade do software (srgm) de múltiplos lançamentos baseado unicamente no tempo.Originalidade: em geral, o número de falhas eliminadas não é o mesmo que o número de falhas existentes em intervalos de tempo determinados, sendo assim, a inclusão do frf no modelo o torna melhor e mais realista. Foi observada uma mudança de paradigma no desenvolvimento de software, que passa de um lançamento único a uma plataforma de múltiplos lançamentos.Limitações: o modelo proposto pode ser utilizado pelos desenvolvedores de software para tomar decisões com respeito ao tempo de lançar diferentes versões, seja para minimizar o custo de desenvolvimento ou maximizar a confiabilidade e determinar as políticas de garantia

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Nations within a nation: variations in epidemiological transition across the states of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study

18% of the world's population lives in India, and many states of India have populations similar to those of large countries. Action to effectively improve population health in India requires availability of reliable and comprehensive state-level estimates of disease burden and risk factors over time. Such comprehensive estimates have not been available so far for all major diseases and risk factors. Thus, we aimed to estimate the disease burden and risk factors in every state of India as part of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016

Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial

SummaryBackground Azithromycin has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of its immunomodulatoryactions. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.Methods In this randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19Therapy [RECOVERY]), several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients admitted to hospitalwith COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 176 hospitals in the UK. Eligible and consenting patients wererandomly allocated to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus azithromycin 500 mg once perday by mouth or intravenously for 10 days or until discharge (or allocation to one of the other RECOVERY treatmentgroups). Patients were assigned via web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealment andwere twice as likely to be randomly assigned to usual care than to any of the active treatment groups. Participants andlocal study staff were not masked to the allocated treatment, but all others involved in the trial were masked to theoutcome data during the trial. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality, assessed in the intention-to-treatpopulation. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936.Findings Between April 7 and Nov 27, 2020, of 16 442 patients enrolled in the RECOVERY trial, 9433 (57%) wereeligible and 7763 were included in the assessment of azithromycin. The mean age of these study participants was65·3 years (SD 15·7) and approximately a third were women (2944 [38%] of 7763). 2582 patients were randomlyallocated to receive azithromycin and 5181 patients were randomly allocated to usual care alone. Overall,561 (22%) patients allocated to azithromycin and 1162 (22%) patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days(rate ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·87–1·07; p=0·50). No significant difference was seen in duration of hospital stay (median10 days [IQR 5 to >28] vs 11 days [5 to >28]) or the proportion of patients discharged from hospital alive within 28 days(rate ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·98–1·10; p=0·19). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, nosignificant difference was seen in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilationor death (risk ratio 0·95, 95% CI 0·87–1·03; p=0·24).Interpretation In patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, azithromycin did not improve survival or otherprespecified clinical outcomes. Azithromycin use in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 should be restrictedto patients in whom there is a clear antimicrobial indication

Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Background: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of tocilizumab in adult patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 with both hypoxia and systemic inflammation. Methods: This randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing several possible treatments in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in the UK. Those trial participants with hypoxia (oxygen saturation <92% on air or requiring oxygen therapy) and evidence of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein ≥75 mg/L) were eligible for random assignment in a 1:1 ratio to usual standard of care alone versus usual standard of care plus tocilizumab at a dose of 400 mg–800 mg (depending on weight) given intravenously. A second dose could be given 12–24 h later if the patient's condition had not improved. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality, assessed in the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered with ISRCTN (50189673) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04381936). Findings: Between April 23, 2020, and Jan 24, 2021, 4116 adults of 21 550 patients enrolled into the RECOVERY trial were included in the assessment of tocilizumab, including 3385 (82%) patients receiving systemic corticosteroids. Overall, 621 (31%) of the 2022 patients allocated tocilizumab and 729 (35%) of the 2094 patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (rate ratio 0·85; 95% CI 0·76–0·94; p=0·0028). Consistent results were seen in all prespecified subgroups of patients, including those receiving systemic corticosteroids. Patients allocated to tocilizumab were more likely to be discharged from hospital within 28 days (57% vs 50%; rate ratio 1·22; 1·12–1·33; p<0·0001). Among those not receiving invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, patients allocated tocilizumab were less likely to reach the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilation or death (35% vs 42%; risk ratio 0·84; 95% CI 0·77–0·92; p<0·0001). Interpretation: In hospitalised COVID-19 patients with hypoxia and systemic inflammation, tocilizumab improved survival and other clinical outcomes. These benefits were seen regardless of the amount of respiratory support and were additional to the benefits of systemic corticosteroids. Funding: UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council) and National Institute of Health Research

Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial

Background: Many patients with COVID-19 have been treated with plasma containing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Methods: This randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]) is assessing several possible treatments in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 177 NHS hospitals from across the UK. Eligible and consenting patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either usual care alone (usual care group) or usual care plus high-titre convalescent plasma (convalescent plasma group). The primary outcome was 28-day mortality, analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936. Findings: Between May 28, 2020, and Jan 15, 2021, 11558 (71%) of 16287 patients enrolled in RECOVERY were eligible to receive convalescent plasma and were assigned to either the convalescent plasma group or the usual care group. There was no significant difference in 28-day mortality between the two groups: 1399 (24%) of 5795 patients in the convalescent plasma group and 1408 (24%) of 5763 patients in the usual care group died within 28 days (rate ratio 1·00, 95% CI 0·93–1·07; p=0·95). The 28-day mortality rate ratio was similar in all prespecified subgroups of patients, including in those patients without detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at randomisation. Allocation to convalescent plasma had no significant effect on the proportion of patients discharged from hospital within 28 days (3832 [66%] patients in the convalescent plasma group vs 3822 [66%] patients in the usual care group; rate ratio 0·99, 95% CI 0·94–1·03; p=0·57). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at randomisation, there was no significant difference in the proportion of patients meeting the composite endpoint of progression to invasive mechanical ventilation or death (1568 [29%] of 5493 patients in the convalescent plasma group vs 1568 [29%] of 5448 patients in the usual care group; rate ratio 0·99, 95% CI 0·93–1·05; p=0·79). Interpretation: In patients hospitalised with COVID-19, high-titre convalescent plasma did not improve survival or other prespecified clinical outcomes. Funding: UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council) and National Institute of Health Research