Studi Potensi Jumlah Penumpang Bus Pemadu Moda Rute Malang – Bandar Udara Juanda Pp

Bandar Udara Malang yang belum melayani banyak tujuan penerbangan membuat pengguna moda pesawat memilih Bandar Udara Juanda. Disisi lain angkutan yang melayani rute Malang-Juanda PP hanya angkutan travel. Untuk itu dibutuhkan moda lain yang lebih ekonomis dan memiliki kapasitas lebih banyak dibandingkan angkutan travel. Bus pemadu moda adalah moda alternatif yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut.Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan penyebaran kuisioner karakteristik sosial-ekonomi, karakteristik perjalanan serta kuisioner dengan teknik penyusunan stated preference. Stated preference memiliki atribut biaya perjalanan, waktu tempuh dan frekuensi keberangkatan. Sedangkan untuk prediksi tarif bus pemadu moda yang direncanakan diperoleh dari perhitungan BOK. Tarif yang telah diperoleh dari perhitungan BOK dibandingkan dengan nilai ATP dan WTP yang diperoleh dari kuisioner yang telah disebarkan. Sehingga didapatkan tarif ideal yang akan diberlakukan apabila bus pemadu moda tersebut direalisasikan.Setelah melakukan perhitungan tarif berdasarkan BOK diperoleh tarif sebesar Rp 23.374,- serta berdasarkan ATP dan WTP diperoleh tarif sebesar Rp 43.675,-. Dengan demikian perkiraan awal tarif bus pemadu moda sebesar Rp 40.000,- dapat diberlakukan. Hasil dari pemodelan pemilihan moda dengan metode stated preference untuk selisih biaya perjalanan Malang-Juanda: dan Juanda-Malang : , untuk selisih waktu tempuh perjalanan () rute Malang-Juanda : dan rute Juanda-Malang : , sedangkan untuk selisih Frekuensi Keberangkatan () rute Malang-Juanda : dan rute Juanda-Malang : .Potensi perpindahan pengguna travel ke bus pemadu moda rute Malang-Juanda sebanyak 705 orang per hari (83,97%). Sedangkan untuk rute Juanda-Malang sebanyak 1516 orang per hari (90,24%)

Regulation of albumin by aldosterone.

<p>Mice were administered aldosterone for 0, 24 or 48 hours and paraffin sections from fixed kidneys were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. A) Representative immunostaining for albumin in control mouse kidneys. B) Albumin immunostaining performed in parallel of a mouse kidney after 24 hours aldosterone administration (Aldo). C) Albumin immunostaining of a mouse kidney after 48 hours aldosterone administration. D) Semiquantified albumin abundance from micrographs similar to A-C after correction for background signal, cell area, and normalization to control values (n = 6). * indicates significant changes relative to control.</p

Extratubular albumin expression.

<p>Immunoperoxidase staining for albumin in the mouse renal cortex with two anti-albumin antibodies. A) Goat anti-albumin labeling of proximal tubules (arrows), as well as peritubular cells (arrow heads). B) Sheep anti-albumin labeling of the same structures. DT = distal tubule, PT = proximal tubule.</p

Uptake of fluorescent albumin in MDCK cells.

<p>MDCK-I cells were grown on permeable support to confluency. Fluorescence-tagged albumin was added for 24 hours to the lower chamber and the cells were fixed and imaged by confocal microscopy. A) Top view of the stack of images with internalized albumin (green) and rhodamine peanut agglutinin as a luminal surface marker (red). B & C) Oblique views of the same data set showing albumin-fluorescence inside the cells (green). D) Similar uptake of albumin after 24-hours exposure (control for E and F). E) Representative micrograph of albumin uptake after 24 hours in the presence of an inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (chlorpromazine), F) a parallel experiment performed in the presence of an inhibitor of dynamin-dependent endocytosis (dynasore). G) 24 hours uptake of aldosterone conjugated albumin, where aldosterone (green) was visualized by immunostaining after fixation and permeabilization. The red signal is peanut agglutinin against the apical membrane.</p

Primers used in RT-PCR analyses of albumin mRNA synthesis.

<p>Primers used in RT-PCR analyses of albumin mRNA synthesis.</p

Subcellular localization of albumin in intercalated cells.

<p>The subcellular distribution of albumin was assessed by immune-gold electron microscopy and double immunofluorescence histochemistry. A) Top panel: overview micrograph of a mouse renal intercalated cell. The red boxes mark the area magnified in the panels below. Lower panels: high magnification micrograph showing albumin immunoreactivity in spherical structures of varying electron density surrounded by membrane in the basal and mid part of the cell. B) Similar labeling of another intercatated cell. Top panel: overview micrograph of a mouse renal intercalated cell. The red box mark the area magnified in the panel below. Lower panel: high magnification micrograph showing albumin immunoreactivity in a spherical structure surrounded by membrane. C) Double immunolabeling for albumin (red) and early endosome marker EEA1 (green). D) Similar labeling for albumin (red) and the late endosome/lysosome marker Cathepsin D (green). DT = distal tubule/collecting duct, PT = proximal tubule.</p

Albumin mRNA expression in kidney cortex and other extrahepatic tissues.

<p>Total RNA was extracted from mouse renal cortex and from manually isolated connecting tubules and collecting ducts (A+B). The specific tubules were isolated from mice expressing eGFP in connecting tubules and collecting ducts. A) RT-PCR analysis on renal cortex for albumin, proximal tubule and thin descending limb marker aquaporin-1 (AQP1), and for eGFP on renal cortex. B) Similar analysis performed on isolated eGFP positive tubules. Two sets of albumin primers were applied (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0124902#pone.0124902.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>, which includes expected molecular sizes for PCR products). C) Total RNA was extracted from various mouse tissues and subjected to similar RT-PCR analysis for albumin. RT+ and RT- indicate the presence and absence of reverse transcriptase in the transcription reaction.</p

Renal Type A Intercalated Cells Contain Albumin in Organelles with Aldosterone-Regulated Abundance

<div><p>Albumin has been identified in preparations of renal distal tubules and collecting ducts by mass spectrometry. This study aimed to establish whether albumin was a contaminant in those studies or actually present in the tubular cells, and if so, identify the albumin containing cells and commence exploration of the origin of the intracellular albumin. In addition to the expected proximal tubular albumin immunoreactivity, albumin was localized to mouse renal type-A intercalated cells and cells in the interstitium by three anti-albumin antibodies. Albumin did not colocalize with markers for early endosomes (EEA1), late endosomes/lysosomes (cathepsin D) or recycling endosomes (Rab11). Immuno-gold electron microscopy confirmed the presence of albumin-containing large spherical membrane associated bodies in the basal parts of intercalated cells. Message for albumin was detected in mouse renal cortex as well as in a wide variety of other tissues by RT-PCR, but was absent from isolated connecting tubules and cortical collecting ducts. Wild type I MDCK cells showed robust uptake of fluorescein-albumin from the basolateral side but not from the apical side when grown on permeable support. Only a subset of cells with low peanut agglutinin binding took up albumin. Albumin-aldosterone conjugates were also internalized from the basolateral side by MDCK cells. Aldosterone administration for 24 and 48 hours decreased albumin abundance in connecting tubules and cortical collecting ducts from mouse kidneys. We suggest that albumin is produced within the renal interstitium and taken up from the basolateral side by type-A intercalated cells by clathrin and dynamin independent pathways and speculate that the protein might act as a carrier of less water-soluble substances across the renal interstitium from the capillaries to the tubular cells.</p></div

Primary antibodies used in this study.

<p>Gt: goat, Sh: sheep, Rb: rabbit, Mo: mouse, Ck: chicken.</p><p>Primary antibodies used in this study.</p

Detection of albumin in the renal cortex.

<p>Paraffin wax sections from paraformaldehyde fixed mouse kidneys were immunoperoxidase stained for albumin. A) Immunostaining pattern after labeling with a goat anti-albumin (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0124902#pone.0124902.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>). Arrows show the well described endocytosed albumin in proximal tubules, whereas the arrowhead indicates immunoreactivity in a collecing duct. Representative micrographs after labeling with a sheep anti-albumin with arrows indicating a distal tubule (B) and a collecting duct (C). GL is a glomerulus, PT is proximal tubules, DT is distal tubules, and CD is collecting ducts.</p