Dynamic modeling of age-structured migration flows

Dynamics of labor migration processes depends on the differentiation and degree of labor market development. Significant difference in the development of socio-economic systems and labor markets is one of the main explanatory factors of increasing migration mobility between developing countries. Provisions of the neoclassical theory of economics, the concept of new economics of migration, the theory of dual labor market, the theory of individual choice, the Lee econometric model and the Massey's synthetic theory of migration, used in our approach, explain this phenomenon. Effective regulation of labor migration implies the need to predict the volume, structure and direction of migration and to estimate the effect of age-structured migration flows on the labor market development. In drawing up the basic dynamic equations of models, it is necessary to consider the situation in the labor markets, characterized by the absence of barriers and boundaries, which will set the socio-economic system with the same initial conditions for all rational individuals and regions, taken into account in the models. This article describes a model that takes into account the feedback of the average wage determined by the supply of labor resources, affecting the migration processes between the countries of origin and destination. The model takes into account the impact of the age distribution of migration flows on the labor market in the country of destination of migration and allows to assess the potential of migration flows and their impact on the socio-economic system. The dynamic model of labor migration is also a model of optimization, which simulates the optimal level of labor resources and their costs, which allows to establish a strategy for the development of migration policy for the regions and countries of migration destination. The main characteristic of this model is that it can cover dynamic mechanisms of interaction of multifactor factors both in sending regions and in receiving countries simultaneously. This model can be used to estimate the outflow of migrants and returning migrants from countries of origin

Russian consumer sector: Methodology of evaluation

The article describes the methodology for estimating the Russia's consumer sector and the effect of its application. The monitoring procedure of the Russian consumer sector groups indicators into two units: the unit of the estimation of consumer goods and the services market estimation unit. The estimation unit of consumer goods is composed of two modules: food products and non-food products. This module offers two components that provide an estimation of the consumer sector: marketing (estimates the accessibility of retail trade and services for end users) and production (estimates the domestic manufacture). The results of the estimation show general improvements in the consumer sector in the period of 2000-2014, but overall development is evaluated as low. The analysis revealed that the financing is growing faster than the quality indices of development. As an example, the financing of agriculture has increased by 1.5 times over 15 years (against comparable prices from 2000), while agricultural production has not changed. Another most pressing challenge is the weak differentiation of the Russian economy, as evidenced by the low rates of non-food production (availability of non-foods of own production remains at a low level and averages 20 %). The results of the estimation suggest the need to reform the regulation of the sector primarily concerning priorities for its development and improvement of financial and economic mechanisms to achieve them.Представлена методология оценки состояния потребительского сектора России, а также результаты ее применения. Предложен индикативный метод анализа, который позволяет определить степень соответствия достигнутых на рассматриваемый момент времени или прогнозируемых значений индикаторов тем пороговым значениям, которые отвечают актуальным требованиям развития социума и обеспечения условий устойчивого развития регионов страны

Expression of Glutathione Peroxidase and Glutathione Reductase and Level of Free Radical Processes under Toxic Hepatitis in Rats

Correlation between intensity of free radical processes estimated by biochemiluminesce parameters, content of lipoperoxidation products, and changes of glutathione peroxidase (GP, EC 1.11.1.9) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) activities at rats liver injury, after 12, 36, 70, 96, 110, and 125 hours & tetrachloromethane administration have been investigated. The histological examination of the liver sections of rats showed that prominent hepatocytes with marked vacuolisation and inflammatory cells which were arranged around the necrotic tissue are more at 96 h after exposure to CCl4. Moreover maximum increase in GR and GP activities, 2.1 and 2.5 times, respectively, was observed at 96 h after exposure to CCl4, what coincided with the maximum of free radical oxidation processes. Using a combination of reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction, expression of the glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase genes (Gpx1 and Gsr) was analyzed by the determination of their respective mRNAs in the rat liver tissue under toxic hepatitis conditions. The analyses of Gpx1 and Gsr expression revealed that the transcript levels increased in 2.5- and 3.0-folds, respectively. Western blot analysis revealed that the amounts of hepatic Gpx1 and Gsr proteins increased considerably after CCl4 administration. It can be proposed that the overexpression of these enzymes could be a mechanism of enhancement of hepatocytes tolerance to oxidative stress